On appeal from the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS from now on)

DBS’s decision and findings

On 13 February 2023, DBS decided to include RR in the Children’s Barred List in respect of the findings set out in its letter of that date:

The appeal to the Upper Tribunal

Upper Tribunal Judge Jacobs gave RR permission to appeal and directed a hearing of the appeal. The hearing took place on the morning of 20 May 2024. There was insufficient time for Ms Hartley’s closing submissions or Mr van der Wal’s reply, so we allowed these to be made in writing. Ms Hartley provided her submissions by email at 14:30 that afternoon. Mr van der Wal responded at 15:22, saying he had no further submission. We are grateful to both and to RR for his evidence.

Section 4 SVGA

This section contains the Upper Tribunal’s jurisdiction and powers.

RR’s account

RR is an Afghan National and a devout Muslim. He had taught English for 10 years in Afghanistan. He is married and came to the United Kingdom in November 2021.

In 2022, he was appointed to teach English as a foreign language to overseas students on a residential summer course. He was allocated to a class of students who were studying at the highest level, to whom he taught English and Drama. Teaching began at 8am and ended at 3pm. It was unusual to teach two different topics to the same class. KK was a member of the class; she was 16 years old and is Greek.

The first day of RR’s appointment was Monday 27 June 2022. He taught his class on 27 and 28 June. There were no classes on 29 June, as the students were on a trip to London. He taught again on 30 June. That evening KK made a complaint about him. This led to him being suspended and called for a disciplinary hearing on the morning of 1 July. After that meeting, he resigned.

This is RR’s account of what happened.

He began the first class with what he called a misjudged attempt at humour by comparing the students with celebrities that they resembled. He likened KK to a Bollywood actress called Karina Kapoor. He also set up a session in which the students would interview each other. They worked in pairs with a script of questions. The students were arranged in a U-shape around the room, with RR’s desk to one side. As there were an odd number of students, he asked KK to move places and paired with her to ensure that all the students had equal time to ask and answer questions. He sat facing KK in the midst of the other students, taking her through the interview while monitoring what the others were doing. At the end of the interview, she discovered that he was from Afghanistan. There is, he told us, often bad relations between Greeks and Afghans. Certainly, KK became hostile. Commenting on illegal migration and criminal activities by Afghan refugees in Greece.

In the course of the interview session, he had learned that KK wanted to come to the United Kingdom to study law. At the end of the session, he told her that she might want to apply for scholarships and offered to check them before she submitted them. He suggested that she send them by email. She said she did not use email, but she would send them by phone. He had a new phone and did not know the number by heart, so he asked for her number. He rang it to check he had the correct number and to give her a missed call to use when she wanted to send him something to check. He terminated the call as soon as it connected. Her phone did not ring and he did not enter her into his contact list. RR saw nothing wrong in this at the time, as students and teachers in Afghanistan communicate by WhatsApp.

After the first session, KK and two of the other students were unco-operative and disruptive, making critical comments about RR and his accent, spending time on their phones, and distracting the other students. The disruption was worst in the Drama class, with KK more or less taking control and leaving RR on the side-lines. She asked for a new tutor and RR told her that she needed to go to the office and ask, as she was entitled to a different teacher for each topic.

KK’s allegation

On the evening of 30 June 2022, KK told the Centre Manager (CM) that RR was making her uncomfortable. CM reported this to a Designated Safeguarding Lead (WF). This is the statement that KK made that evening (page 131):

Disciplinary action

WF contacted RR. He told him not to attend at the college on 1 July, but to be available for a Zoom meeting at 9.15am. He suspended RR on full pay.

There was a disciplinary hearing held by Zoom on 1 July 2022. It lasted 15 minutes. RR was present, as were CD and WF. According to the notes of the meeting (page 143), it lasted from 9.30am to 9.45am. According to the record:

After the hearing, RR resigned by email (page 140):

The LADO report

We have a little more information about the hearing from Section D of the LADO record (pages 70-72), which was written by CM. It contains some comments on the hearing. CM and WF

Our assessment of the evidence

We have tried to get as close as we can to KK’s allegation.

The best we have is the statement taken on 30 June. It was either taken by CD or WF. The report in the LADO record fixes the date of the statement, but leaves unclear who took it down. It is said to be ‘the student’s own account’.

KK did not sign that statement. She did not make a first-person statement. She was not questioned during RR’s disciplinary proceedings. We rely on the statement as the closest we have to KK’s actual words.

The account in the LADO record is largely consistent with the statement as taken on 30 June. It is not, though, cut and pasted from the statement. Two of the differences are worth mentioning. First, the report says that RR ‘engineered class pair work to have KK alone and he had worked with her.’ KK’s statement did not contain the word ‘engineered’; instead, it referred to swapping places. We take no account of the connotations that ‘engineered’ could carry. Moreover, the statement did not say that RR worked with KK alone. It says that RR asked her to be his partner. We take that to mean that he paired with her for the interviews. We do not read ‘partner’ to mean ‘boyfriend’, which is used later. Finally by RR’s account, they were not alone for the interview. Second, the report of the allegation ends: ‘The student was distressed by a lack of certainty in her own actions.’ That does not appear in the statement. It could refer to KK saying she felt uncomfortable, but that appears at the start of the LADO record. We do not understand what this means and have to ignore it.

RR had very little warning of the hearing and was given no notice of what it was about. We note that the hearing began with WF asking RR twice if he knew what had been alleged about him. We do not know exactly what RR was eventually told, as the record is not verbatim. It seems that the meeting focused on the telephone numbers, so it may not have mentioned the other matters in KK’s statement and DBS’s findings. We do know that RR had realised in advance that the meeting might be about telephone numbers and had researched this online. But we only know this because he told Ms Hartley in cross-examination.

According to the LADO record CM and WF found that RR’s answers were inconsistent, vague and incongruous. Those criticisms were not particularised. We take a more charitable view of what RR was saying. We have the benefit of hearing his account when he was aware of the precise details of KK’s allegation and was able to present it without the pressure of the disciplinary hearing. What he told us is consistent with his answers on 1 July. Any vagueness or incongruity came from having to respond at very short notice to precise allegations. What he was trying to say was this:

Having heard RR’s evidence, the obvious question is: why did he not tell CM and WF that he gave KK his number because she asked for it? That is easy to ask in hindsight. But it is important to take account of the context. The whole meeting lasted for 15 minutes. RR had no advance warning of what the meeting was about, although he worked out that it had something to do with telephone numbers. The meeting began with a cat and mouse game in which WF tried to get RR to tell him what he thought the meeting was about. That start was not conducive to a clear mind during the questioning. There followed an exchange in which RR and WF appear not to have fully understood what the other was saying. With the benefit of RR’s account, it is possible to understand the significance that RR attached to lack of contact. WF on the other hand was only interested in whether RR gave KK his number. RR’s attempt to explain was interpreted as contradiction and an attempt to defend his action. The meeting concluded with an explanation of what would happen next. All within 15 minutes.

It is worth comparing the hearing notes with RR’s resignation email. It was sent an hour after the hearing ended and puts his point coherently. It is still not the full account that he gave to us. But the contrast between the clarity when he has time to collect his thoughts and his responses to questions under pressure is significant.

We do not attach any significance to the John Winkle message. The only information about it is the screenshot. The only link to RR is the coincidence of timing and the spelling of KK’s name. No one checked either RR’s phone or KK’s. No one traced RR’s social media history. No one tried to identify the underlying account from which the message was sent. We do not know whether RR was told about the message at the disciplinary hearing. If he was, he was not asked about it. KK did not say how long after talking to RR the message had arrived, so we cannot judge whether RR would have had time to send the message.

It is not clear to us that DBS made a finding that RR sent this message and that it based its decision on it. If it did, it made a mistake of fact. The evidence relating to the message is insufficient on its own to allow us to attribute it to RR on the balance of probabilities. Taking it in the context of the evidence as a whole barely raises the probability above a suspicion. RR suggested that it had been a prank among the students, as they were always on their mobiles and texting each other. We do not accept that. It is merely speculation.

RR suggested that CM was not well disposed towards him. We do not accept that. The most RR could tell us in support was that CM had been hostile towards him when he went into her office on the morning of the first day to ask for some paper for the students. Otherwise, it was a vague suggestion that somehow and for some reason, CM had been able to control or influence the course of the disciplinary proceedings.

Our conclusions

We have had the advantage of hearing RR give his evidence, especially in response to Ms Hartley’s cross-examination. We consider that the balance of probabilities favours RR. We have come to that conclusion after considering the evidence as a whole. The following are the more significant points that we have taken into account.

RR has a clean record of complaints during his career. His account of his time at the summer school was given in his own words and in part under cross-examination. It is coherent and contains admissions that are against him. His account is more plausible than KK’s account of a crude, bullying approach after a short acquaintance. His version of offering to help would be more likely to succeed than hers if he had wanted to establish a romantic attachment.

Moreover, it is impossible to understand KK’s account on its own. We need to know about the interview session in order to understand the significance of swapping places in class. It also provides a context for what would otherwise be disjointed sequence of statements by KK.

We do not have KK’s account in her own words or even any confirmation from her that the statement of 30 June is accurate. She was not questioned during the disciplinary hearing or as part of that process or, for all we know, at all. It is surprising that CM did not ask KK to clarify what had happened on the Monday. Nor did KK explain why she waited until 30 June to complain. She says she was uncomfortable, but did not complain sooner and does not say that she tried to change classes. We note that, even by her account, there was no repetition of RR’s behaviour and he did not make use of her telephone number. [We have explained why we place no reliance on the John Winkle message.]

We have made our assessment against the background of lack of investigations that could have provided more and better evidence. In particular, examining the telephones of the participants could have clarified the origin of the John Winkle message one way or another. If KK had been given a chance to expand on her statement, she might have resolved some of the uncertainties that we have considered. It is possible that she could have misconstrued the conversation about scholarships. She might have interpreted RR’s eagerness to help his student for inappropriate pestering. Her delay in complaining might have been out of embarrassment at giving out her phone number. She could also have answered concerns about the motive she might have to make up her complaint. RR’s account of strained relations between Greeks and Afghans might account for it. KK says nothing about that and the disciplinary process did not provide the chance for her to respond to what RR says.

Our findings

We have made our own findings in accordance with Disclosure and Barring Service v RI [2024] EWCA Civ 95.

RR criticised DBS for finding that the events took place on ‘an unspecified date between 27 and 30 June 2022’. He pointed out that the date was 27 June. We accept that. KK said it had happened on that date. We have no reason to doubt that and no one has suggested any other date. We consider this to be a lack of precision rather than a mistake of fact. It is, though, significant for this reason: it means that KK did not complain to CM until three days later. During that time, she remained in RR’s class. By his account, she remained in his Drama class despite having a right to a different teacher.

RR accepted that he had singled out KK to work with. He needed to work with one of the students during the interview session, because of the odd number. But he had been free to choose which one that should be. From his gestures during evidence to us, he indicated that he had asked KK to change place. He did not say why he did that.

Asking KK if she would be his girlfriend would not have been part of the scripted interview. It would have been an inappropriate question for the students to ask each other and, given the proximity of the other students around them, it would have been risky to introduce it. The same reasoning applies to asking her if she was single during the scripted interview.

RR did compare KK with the Bollywood actress. In that sense, he was complimenting her looks. But this took place as part of an introductory session involving the whole class and was not specifically targeting KK.

KK mentioned her wish to study law during the interview session. That was why RR asked KK to stay at the end of the class in order to offer support in applying for scholarships. He gave her a missed call so that she could send draft applications to him. It was her suggestion to use the telephone for that purpose. She was not under pressure.

Those findings in part differ from, and in part provide a context for, those made by DBS. In those circumstances, it is necessary to remit the matter to DBS for a new decision.