G Brida v The Information Commissioner

The Applicant lodged a notice of appeal to the Tribunal dated 20^th June 2024. The appeal form stated that the Applicant was appealing the decision of the Information Commissioner, but the only document attached was an interview transcript dated 21^st May 2024.

The application form stated that –

It transpired from the Respondent’s response that the Applicant submitted a complaint regarding a refusal from a third party to respond to a request for information. The applicant requested information from a barrister’s chambers who had been instructed in a claim where the Applicant was the opposing party. The Applicant was not the client of the barrister’s chambers, and the information was refused on the basis of legal professional privilege. The case officer for the Commissioner considered that the refusal to provide information would not be a breach of GDPR. The Commissioner provided an outcome letter on 15^th August 2024 which was after the appeal /application was lodged with the Tribunal.

The Respondent responded to the application on 4^th September 2024. In that response the Commissioner confirmed that he provided the outcome of the complaint under reference IC-308981-B8Z2 on 15^th August 2024 and provided that document to the Tribunal. The Commissioner submitted that it was unclear the nature of the relief that the Applicant was seeking. As the Commissioner understood the Applicant’s position, he sought the implementation of a prior decision, namely for the Commissioner to advise the data controller of the previous decision that had been made under reference RFA0809181 where an outcome to that complaint had been sent to the Applicant on 12^th October 2020 concerning the application of an exemption under Part 4, paragraph 19 of schedule 2 of the DPA as it applies to legal professional privilege (LPP). That was not a permissible use of the section 166 procedure. The Tribunal was not in a position to make an order on the basis of a purported suggestion that the Commissioner had failed to investigate to the extent appropriate, where Applicant’s main contention was that he was simply implementing or advising of his earlier decision under reference RFA0809181 to the data controller.

The respondent went onto submit –

The Respondent submitted that they had not failed to investigate the complaint and had informed the Applicant of the outcome of that complaint. The Respondent invited the Tribunal to strike out the application on the basis that the Tribunal did not have jurisdiction to entertain the application and/or that it had no reasonable prospect of success.

The Applicant replied to that submission in the following terms –

The Applicant places weight on his submission that he chased his complaint on 15^th August 2024 at 10.19 where the was advised that his complaint was yet to be allocated but then received the outcome letter at 11.34. He contended that if the Commissioner got the law wrong as to his relationship with the third party, no proper investigation could have taken place.

Whilst the Applicant sought an order that a “proper” investigation take space, he also seeks for the Tribunal to direct that in its opinion the exemption claimed does not apply. He claimed that the Tribunal did have that power as was exercised in EW’s case which was part of the combined appeals in Killock. An order to progress was made in EW’s case but it is noted that the Tribunal accepted that there had been a refusal to investigate. No investigation at all had in fact taken place. That is distinguishable from the facts in this case where the Commissioner has investigated and provided an outcome decision.

The Appellant does have a right to make an application under s166 of the Data Protection Act 2028 as regards a complaint to the Information Commissioner. However, the scope of an application under section 166 of the Data Protection Act 2018 is to achieve some progress in a complaint that has not been progressed. Once an outcome is received, there is nothing left to progress. The Tribunal has no powers to investigate the investigation of the Respondent or supervise their investigation as is suggested in the notice of appeal.

As highlighted by the notice of appeal and the subsequent response from the Appellant, he seeks to for the Tribunal to review the complaint outcome which is not an outcome that can be achieved under a section 166 application. He seeks for the tribunal to give its opinion on the outcome which is not the remit of the Tribunal.

I considered it appropriate to conduct the review on the papers and without a hearing noting the nature of the strike out application made and having regard that both parties have fully responded to the issues. The Tribunal must strike out an application where it does not have jurisdiction.

The Data Protection Act 2018 confirms the jurisdiction of the Information Commissioner for upholding information rights and data privacy. The Act provides limited scope for appeals to the Tribunal, proceedings in the County Court and the prosecution of offences before the criminal courts. The courts and tribunals can only deal with those issues that Parliament has intended it to do so as set out by the legislation.

As stated on the Information Commissioner’s website – complaints about data protection outcomes can be reported for review to the ICO’s office or referred to the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman. There is no right of appeal to the First Tier Tribunal from a data protection decision save in the very limited circumstances permitted by the Act for example under s162 as regards penalty notices etc. This is distinct from Freedom of Information requests where decisions of the ICO can be appealed to the First Tier Tribunal. There also exists the right to apply for judicial review albeit that would relate to the reasonableness of decision-making discretion of the ICO rather than a disagreement with the decision itself, and noting the judicial review is costly and time-consuming. There is also a remedy available in the County Court.

Since the DPA 18 came into force a person can apply to this Tribunal for an “order to progress complaints” under section 166. That section provides –

fails to take appropriate steps to respond to the complaint,

to take appropriate steps to respond to the complaint, or

An order under subsection (2)(a) may require the Commissioner—

to take steps specified in the order;

Under section 166 DPA18, a data subject has a right to make an application to the Tribunal if they consider that the Commissioner has failed to take action in relation to their complaint.

The scope of section 166 has already been considered by more senior Judges on a number of occasions and as such their views on the ambit of section 166 are binding on this Tribunal.

The Tribunal is limited in its powers to those given by Parliament as interpreted by the Upper Tribunal. As stated in Killock & others v Information Commissioner [2022] 1 WLR 2241 by Mrs Justice Farbey-

The appropriateness of any investigative steps taken is an objective matter which is within the jurisdiction of this Tribunal. However, as stated in paragraph 87 of Killock, section 166 is a forward-looking provision, concerned with remedying ongoing procedural defects that stand in the way of the timely resolution of a complaint. This Tribunal is tasked with specifying appropriate “steps to respond” and not with assessing the appropriateness of a response that has already been given. It will do so in the context of securing the progress of the complaint in question. The Tribunal has no powers to alter the outcome or any enforcement steps thereafter.

This approach has been confirmed by the High Court and the Court of Appeal. Mostyn J in the High Court in R (Delo) v Information Commissioner [2023] 1 WLR 1327, paragraph 57 –

Mostyn J’s decision in Delo was upheld by the Court of Appeal, see [2023] EWCA Civ 1141 .

More recently in the Upper Tribunal in Cortes v Information Commissioner (UA-2023-001298-GDPA) which applied both Killock and Delo in confirming that the nature of section 166 is that of a limited procedural provision only.

“The Tribunal is tasked with specifying appropriate “steps to respond” and not with assessing the appropriateness of a response that has already been given (which would raise substantial regulatory questions susceptible only to the supervision of the High Court)….As such, the fallacy in the Applicant’s central argument is laid bare. If Professor Engelman is correct, then any data subject who is dissatisfied with the outcome of their complaint to the Commissioner could simply allege that it was reached after an inadequate investigation, and thereby launch a collateral attack on the outcome itself with the aim of the complaint decision being re-made with a different outcome. Such a scenario would be inconsistent with the purport of Article 78.2, the heading and text of section 166 and the thrust of the decisions and reasoning in both Killock and Veale and R (on the application of Delo). It would also make a nonsense of the jurisdictional demarcation line between the FTT under section 166 and the High Court on an application for judicial review.” (paragraph 33)

As initially indicated, this Tribunal does not have an oversight function in relation to the Information Commissioner’s Office and does not hold them to account for their internal processes.

The Applicant seeks to persuade that the cases of Killock and Delo come to different conclusions about whether the Tribunal can wind back the clock. He relies on para 87 of Killock –

A single paragraph of Killock cannot be read in isolation. A full reading of the judgment is important, for example, para 74 of the case of Killock - It is plain from the statutory words that, on an application under s.166, the Tribunal will not be concerned and has no power to deal with the merits of the complaint or its outcome. We reach this conclusion on the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory language but it is supported by the Explanatory Notes to the Act which regard the s.166 remedy as reflecting the provisions of article 78(2) which are procedural. Any attempt by a party to divert a Tribunal from the procedural failings listed in s.166 towards a decision on the merits of the complaint must be firmly resisted by Tribunals.

And at para 76 of Killock - The Tribunal does not have the same expertise in determining the appropriate outcome of complaints. The Commissioner is the expert regulator. She is in the best position to consider the merits of a complaint and to reach a conclusion as to its outcome. In so far as the Commissioner’s regulatory judgments would not and cannot be matched by expertise in the Tribunal, it is readily comprehensible that Parliament has not provided a remedy in the Tribunal in relation to the merits of complaints.

At para 77 - This does not leave data subjects unprotected. If the Commissioner goes outside her statutory powers or makes any other error of law, the High Court will correct her on ordinary public law principles in judicial review proceedings. The combination of a statutory remedy in the Tribunal in relation to procedures and to the supervision of the High Court in relation to substance provides appropriate and effective protection to individuals.

The High Court in Delo conclusively dismissed any argument that the Tribunal could look at the failure to take procedural steps to adequately determine a complaint. He referred to the argument as one seeking to clothe a merits-based outcome decision with garments of procedural failings.

Both cases were discussed by UT Judge Wikely in Lawton v ICO . Whilst there may be perceived differences, where an applicant is seeking a different outcome, the cases are clear that this is not a permissible outcome in a section 166 application which is precisely what the appellant seeks to achieve. Judge Wikely did not need to determine the limited disagreement between the cases as the appeal in his case was seeking to challenge the substantive outcome. The Applicant in this application described the investigation as perfunctory and disagrees with the outcome. On that issue all the authorities are very clear, section 166 cannot be used as a mask to reconsider the outcome.

Both Delo and Killock have since been approved by the Court of Appeal. The Upper Tribunal have consistently confirmed that the ambit of section 166 application is not to review the outcome. The order to progress in EW was on the exceptional facts of that appeal in that no investigation had de facto taken place. That is not the case in this application.

The Tribunal has no power to order further steps to have been taken when an outcome has been provided and in circumstances when there has clearly been an investigation, nor does the Tribunal have power to demand that the Commissioner produce an outcome that is consistent with another decision relating to another party. Each outcome is case specific and as I understand the previous complaint does not refer to the Barrister’s Chambers but an insurance company. The relationship appears to be different. Perhaps that is why the earlier outcome was different.

This Tribunal does not need to grapple with the perceived differences in Killock and Delo, those differences have no bearing on this application. Whilst the outcome was not available at the time of this application, it is available now and so there is no investigation to progress.

Section 166 Data Protection Act 2018 does not provide a right of appeal against the substantive outcome of an investigation into a complaint under s.165 Data Protection Act 2018. Furthermore, the Tribunal does not have any power to supervise or mandate the performance of the Commissioner’s functions. This is the very consistent conclusions o the High Court, Upper Tribunal and the Court of Appeal. There is no inherent or overarching jurisdiction of the Tribunal to monitor or scrutinise; these powers lie elsewhere but not with this Tribunal. This application is precisely a case of disguising an appeal within the garments of an order to progress as described by Mostyn J.

There is no realistic prospect of the application succeeding in the circumstances and it would be a misuse of the resources of the Tribunal and the parties to allow that application to continue any further. Time spent on a meritless application reduces those resources available to consider other applications. As has been advised on numerous occasions, there are remedies available to the Applicant, just not in this Tribunal.