This is an application in relation to one child, O. S. M-J. It is an application pursuant to the 1980 Hague Convention and the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction in relation to O. The Convention is, of course, embodied now within the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985. O was born in 2018. I shall refer to O as “the child” in the course of this judgment. It follows therefore that the child is now aged four years and nearly five months in age.

The applicant is the child’s father. He is Mr G. T. J. and I shall refer to him as “the father” in the course of this judgment. He currently resides in E [city] in the Republic of South Africa (“South Africa”) and has been represented by Mr Powell, of counsel, in this hearing.

The respondent is the child’s mother, Ms L.S, who is known colloquially as “L”. I hope she will forgive me for referring to her with that degree of informality. I shall refer to her as “the mother” in the course of this judgment. She is currently living with the child in a property, the party’s home, in S [city in the United Kingdom (“UK”)]. She has previously instructed solicitors, but they have very recently come off the court record. The mother has represented herself in this hearing.

There is another relevant, but non-subject, child of the parties’ marriage. This is C. L. M-J. He is more informally known as “K”. He was born in 2012 and therefore he is aged 10 years old. He lives with the father in South Africa. I shall refer to him as his informal name, K, in the course of this judgment.

The father’s application is dated 5 August 2022. The application was issued on 8 August 2022. That application seeks the summary return of the child to South Africa. The mother defends the application raising the following exceptions / defences: (1) Article 3 (habitual residence); (2) Article 13(a) (consent or acquiescence) and (3) Article 13(b) (grave risk of harm / intolerability).

The father at the conclusion of the hearing continues to seek an order for the summary return of the child. The mother continues to resist the return of the child, albeit there has been a degree of revision in terms of the basis on which she opposes the application. The nature of the revision will become clear in the course of this judgment.

The father has dual nationality. He is a UK and Liberian citizen. The mother also enjoys dual nationality. She is a UK and South Africa citizen. The child also enjoys dual nationality. She too is a citizen of the UK and South Africa.

The father made his application to the relevant Central Authority in South Africa on 6 July 2022. The father’s solicitors were instructed by ICACU on 19 July 2022. As I have mentioned, the application is dated 5 August 2022, but was issued on 8 August 2022. The application was served on the mother on 10 August 2022.

The application was listed for the first inter-partes hearing before Newton J on 16 August 2022. In addition to court alert and various court orders, the court made a number of directions to ensure the case was prepared for a final hearing [Core Bundle: E-53].

In accordance with the directions that were given on 16 August 2022, the mother filed her response and evidence in response on 30 August 2022. There have been two further statements evidence filed on behalf of the father in response.

There was a Pre-Trial Review listed for hearing on 6 August 2022. However, that hearing was vacated by agreement by the parties’ solicitors. I digress to comment that the mother still had solicitors at that time. An agreed administrative order was made by Francis J in place of the inter-partes hearing on 6 October 2022 [Core Bundle: E-55].

There are a number of sources of evidence before the court. Firstly, there is the core bundle (as I have described it). That contains the documents that have been filed directly in relation to this litigation. Secondly, there is a supplementary bundle. That bundle contains documentation from the litigation involving the parties in the High Court in South Africa, together with other miscellaneous documents that have come into existence in that jurisdiction.

In addition to these two bundles, the mother filed a second statement earlier this week. She gave evidence yesterday and, in the course of giving evidence, signed her statement and added a declaration of truth. However, in addition to that further typed statement, for reasons that will be covered in the course of this judgment, I also gave her permission to draft in handwritten form, file and serve a further third statement which happened yesterday. There was then extremely limited focused evidence by each parent. That evidence was confined to the issue of consent and/or acquiescence.

The issue of habitual residence has been before the Supreme Court on five occasions, namely A v A (Children: Habitual Residence) [2013] UKSC 60; Re L (A Child) (Custody: Habitual Residence) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre intervening) [2013] UKSC 75, sub nom Re KL (A Child) (Abduction: Habitual Residence: Inherent Jurisdiction) [2014] 1 FLR 772; Re LC (Children) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre intervening) [2014] UKSC 1¸ sub nom Re LC (Children) (Abduction: Habitual Residence: State of Mind of Child) [2014] AC 1038; Re R (Children) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre and others intervening) [2015] UKSC 35 , sub nom Re AR v RN (Habitual Residence) [2015] 2 FLR 503 and Re B (A Child) (Habitual Residence: Inherent Jurisdiction) [2016] UKSC 4 .

In Re B (A Child)(Custody Rights: Habitual Residence) [2016] EWHC 2174 (Fam) , [2016] 4 W.L.R. 15 Hayden J at paragraph 17 very helpfully summarises the outline of the principles from the leading authorities on habitual residence as follows:

In Re M (Children) (Habitual Residence: 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention) 2020 EWCA Civ 1105 Moylan LJ endorsed the summary that I have just set out, but suggested that the point of (vii) should be omitted as it might distract the court from the essential task of analysing the situation of the child.

In the case of Re C and Another (Children) (International Centre for Family Law, Policy and Practice Intervening) [2018] UKSC 8 ; [2018] 1 FLR 861 Lord Hughes said the following:

The leading case in relation to consent is Re P-J (Children) [2009] EWCA Civ 588 . The court bears in mind, in particular, the contents of paragraph 48 in the judgment of the Court of Appeal:

The leading case on the meaning of consent or acquiescence remains with the House of Lords authority of Re H (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72, [1997] 1 FLR 872. The following principles can be extracted:

In the Court of Appeal case of Re L and S [2017] EWCA Civ 2177 , McFarlane LJ (as he then was) said this:

In the Court of Appeal case of P v P (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] 2 FLR 835, Ward LJ said:

I refer next to Pauffley J’s judgment in Re D (A Child) (FD) [2016] 937 who summarised the law of consent in the following passage:

The leading authorities on this exception are the two Supreme Court decisions in Re E (Children: Custody Appeal) [2011] UKSC 27 and Re S (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2012] UKSC 10.

In Re S, the Supreme Court repeated and stressed the approach taken in Re E. The terms of Article 13(b) are plain, require neither elaboration nor gloss and by themselves demonstrate the restricted availability of the defence and where allegations of domestic abuse are made, the court should first ask whether, if they are true, there would be a grave risk the child would be exposed to physical or psychological harm or otherwise placed in an intolerable position. If so, the court must then ask how the child can be protected from that risk. If the evaluation of the protective measures fails to meet the identified grave risk, the court may have to do the best it can to resolve the disputed issues of fact.

The relevant test has been summarised by McDonald J in MB v TB (Art 13 Alleged Risk of Oppressive Litigation) [2019] EWHC 1019 (Fam) as follows:

Moylan LJ subsequently stated in A (Children) (Abduction: Article 13(b)) [2021] EWCA Civ 939 as follows:

The court also bears in mind the HHCH guide to Article 13(b) which provides the following:

In the event that a party establishes a defence pursuant to Article 13(b) then the Court’s discretion arises in relation to whether nonetheless to order the Child’s return. I bear in mind the House of Lords decision in Re M and Another (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55, [2008] AC 1288, is the authoritative statement of the case relating to exercise of discretion in Convention cases when exceptions under Article 12 or 13 have been established. The leading opinion of Baroness Hale held that earlier decisions which sought to import an additional gloss into the Convention by requiring a test of exceptionality to be met in addition to finding that one of the Article 12 or 13 exceptions applies were wrong. In Hague Convention cases, general policy considerations may be weighed against interests of children.

I have referred to the parties having given evidence and, ordinarily, I would at this stage in the summary of the law set out the relevant authorities that direct the court on its approach to assessing the reliability of parents giving evidence. In fact, for reasons that will become clear, that analysis is not necessary as part of this judgment.

The parties married in 2009 in the UK, having met in 2004. K was born to the parents whilst they were living in the UK. The parents then relocated to South Africa in 2016, but thereafter travelled back and forth between the two countries as they had done previously. When they relocated to South Africa in 2016, at that point K was four years old. He was enrolled in a school in South Africa on their arrival.

Whilst the parents relocated in 2016, it is clear on any view of the evidence, that they retained significant links to the UK. They retained a property in S [City in the UK] where, as I have just indicated, the mother is currently residing. After they relocated, they regarded this as an investment property in that it was rented out. They also have a company registered in this country, namely “F. H. Ltd”, which is, as I understand it, based in E [area in the UK] in H [county in the UK].

The parties had a family home in E [city in South Africa] and the parties have a company there as well. On my understanding this is “F.K”, which is a business that provides [ x ] services.

The parents have travelled internationally between this country and South Africa, and in fact, S was born in S [city in the UK] in 2018.

The mother has very significant links to South Africa. As indicated earlier, she has citizenship of that country. She has members of her family residing there, including her mother, who at times was living near to the mother.

There are significant issues between the parties. It seems on any view there were problems in the relationship in the first half of 2021. The evidence indicates that the mother wished to relocate to the UK at that time, in part for professional reasons. I digress to note that the mother is, by profession, a qualified social worker. The father was resistant to relocation. It would appear from the evidence that has been filed that this was the catalyst for the development of a degree of disharmony between them.

The precise date of the end of the parties’ relationship or marriage is unclear. It seems likely that the marriage had effectively and irreconcilably broken down by the spring of 2021. By September of 2021 the mother issued an application in the High Court in South Africa in relation to the children, effectively seeking permission to relocate with them to the UK (or more precisely the jurisdiction of England and Wales).

Again whilst there are issues relating to the end of the relationship between the parties, it is apparent from the evidence that the mother removed the children from the family home in E [city in South Africa] in November 2021 and moved with them to her mother’s home in a different part of the city. Initially there was no contact between the children and the father. That said, K returned to the father within days of this move in November 2021.

Then in December 2021, the mother came to the UK alone, leaving the child with the maternal grandmother. At that point, K was with the father in his home. Mother went to the parties’ property in S [city in the UK]. Then in March 2022 the mother returned to South Africa. She attended at K’s school on 7 March 2022. I will deal with this event in a little more detail in a moment.

Mother moved the child from South Africa on 13 or 14 March 2022. The precise date for removal in the papers is very unclear. The father case refers to a timeframe between 13 and 24 March 2022. However, in the course of oral evidence the court was told that the date the child was brought to this jurisdiction was either the 13 or the 14 March 2022. Therefore, on the father’s case, it is on one of those two dates that the wrongful removal of the child took place.

When the mother arrived back in this jurisdiction, she travelled with the child to the property in S [city in the UK] where she was also joined by her elder daughter by an earlier relationship. There was a period when there was unfortunately no contact between the child and father, and for that matter between K and the mother. However, more positively, since the hearing before Newton J indirect contact by video platform has been taking place between the child and father and also between K and the mother.

As anticipated a moment ago, I am now going to set out in greater detail the events relating to the litigation in South Africa and relevant associated events.

The mother, as I have indicated already, commenced proceedings in the High Court in South Africa in September 2021. In those proceedings mother sought, on this court’s understanding, permission to remove both children permanently from South Africa to this jurisdiction on an urgent basis. Father resisted that application. The court has, in the supplementary bundle, evidence that was filed both in support of that application by the mother [Supplementary Bundle: A-1 to 3] and the evidence in response by the father [Supplementary Bundle: A-34 to 94].

The High Court in South Africa directed a number of enquiries in relation to the issues raised in that litigation which involved a family advocate and a family counsellor. These two child professionals completed their enquiries. Each of them filed a report. Both reports are dated 28 October 2021 [Supplementary Bundle: A-14 to 33].

The recommendations of those child professionals reporting to the High Court in South Africa related to whether that the children should remain in that country. I digress at this point to note that the mother’s “urgent” application was ultimately unsuccessful. However, it would appear that the order [Supplementary Bundle: A-95] dismissing the mother’s application was not made until 18 May 2022.

Returning to the chronology, following the commencement of the proceedings by the mother in 2021, there were a number of other significant events ‘on the ground’. As I have mentioned already, the mother removed the children from the family home in November 2021, relocating them to the maternal grandmother’s home in a different part of the city. This seems to have taken place on 19 November 2021.

There was a significant incident between the parents on 25 November 2021 at the family home. The context appears to have been the mother wishing to remove further items from the family home. The father alleges that he was assaulted by the mother. The mother makes cross-allegations. The police were involved in relation to that incident and an investigation was undertaken. Ultimately, no charges were brought in relation to either parent.

As I have indicated, K returned home to father shortly after the earlier arrangements for him to live with mother at her mother’s home. On the court’s understanding, he had returned home by 25 November 2021.

There was then another alleged incident at the family home on 14 December 2021 and again the court has details of the evidence on both sides in relation to that allegation.

The mother applied for a protection order, which is an order in the nature of a restraining order, in South Africa. It is clear that this court does not have all of the documentation in relation to that application in the supplementary bundle. However, in the course of submissions to the court, it was agreed that there was an interim protection order made in favour of the mother in December of 2021. That order continued until 19 January 2022. However, the order was set aside on that date. By then, the mother was in this jurisdiction, having left South Africa in the latter part of December 2021.

There is also in the supplementary bundle an indication that the father also had a protection order granted in his favour, but there is no copy of that order (if there was one) before this court.

Following the incidents in November and December of 2021, there appears to have been a degree of movement ‘on the ground’ between the parties. The court has seen correspondence that was exchanged between the parties’ solicitors at that time. K was still with the father. He was seeking the return of the child to his care as well. No agreement was forthcoming.

By the end of 2021, as I have indicated, there was a significant change. The father had earlier in the autumn of 2021 opposed the mother’s application for permission to relocate the children to this country. However, by the end of 2021 the father indicated his willingness to “compromise” and to relocate with the children to the UK after all. In the core bundle there are records of contemporaneous communication which indicate that by the end of 2021 or early 2022, that was the position. I have in mind the following sources of contemporaneous communication:

There was also an exchange of correspondence between attorneys acting for the parents as to “arrangements as to how the children would be relocated to the United Kingdom” but there was in the correspondence that I have seen ultimately no agreement between the parents.

The father then issued an application himself in the High Court in South Africa on 11 February 2022 in relation to the children. The terms of the order that he sought are set out in the affidavit that he submitted in support of that application [Supplementary Bundle: B-45]. At that point, he was seeking the return of the child to him, orders in relation to travel documents for the children and permission to him to relocate with the children to this jurisdiction.

In essence, his case in relation to this change of stance on this part, which is reflected within the contemporaneous documentation, is that he felt that he effectively had been forced to compromise with the mother to relocate the children to this jurisdiction but he was seeking to do so effectively on his terms, namely that the children would be allowed to relocate with him and the mother but with them living apart and with the children to live with him.

That is why on his case, which in my judgment is borne out by the totality of the evidence relating to this point, that he sought permission from the High Court in South Africa for leave for him, not mother, to relocate with the children to the UK (or again more precisely to the jurisdiction of England and Wales).

What happened following the issue of the application was that an order, which is described in the local documentation as a “rule nisi”, was made on 24 February 2022. The order was made in the terms sought by the father that I have already summarised [Supplementary Bundle: B-95]. The High Court in South Africa ordered, amongst other points, for the child to be returned to the father’s care and for permission to be granted to him to relocate with the children to this jurisdiction. As I have said, that was described as a rule nisi, which had a return date, on this court’s understanding, of 15 March 2022.

That leads me to the events that occurred after the making of that rule nisi. According to the contemporaneous documentation in the supplementary bundle, the father’s attorneys had asserted that they had difficulty properly serving the mother with that order. However, what is clear on any view is that the mother, as I have mentioned already, returned to South Africa in the early part of March and it may well have been on 7 March 2022. On that day, as indicated, she attended at K’s school at about 8.30am [Supplementary Bundle: B-155; Core Bundle: C-124].

The course of emails from the school indicates that the mother reportedly attended at the school in order to remove K for him to see an education psychologist; certainly that was the information from the school. There may well be issues in relation to this particular visit, but it appears to be agreed by the mother that she did attend at the school that day and that the school was disinclined to allow her to remove K. There are also in the documentation issues as to whether the school was informed whether there was an order in place in relation to K. However, as I say, there is no issue about the fact the mother attended at the school. She says so in terms in her statement in these proceedings [Core Bundle: C-142].

The next, and in my judgment, significant development was that the mother issued what is described as ‘an urgent application’ within the proceedings that had been commenced by the father in the High Court in South Africa in February 2022. If they were not issued as part of those proceedings, they were certainly consolidated with the ongoing proceedings. The precise procedural ‘niceties’ are not entirely clear.

It is clear that an application was made by the mother and the terms of her application are set out within an affidavit that she deposed to and filed in the High Court in South Africa [Supplementary Bundle: B-98]. Mother instructed attorneys at that time. Indeed, there is confirmation of attorneys coming onto the court record on 7 March 2022 [Supplementary Bundle: B-125].

In the mother’s affidavit, she referred to what she described as “the parties’ common intention” for the children to relocate to this jurisdiction. The purpose, then, of her urgent application is set out at paragraph 8 of her affidavit [Supplementary Bundle: B-1]. She was effectively seeking to return with the children to this jurisdiction as a matter of urgency and was inviting the court to direct that the father to accompany her and the children. She was also seeking for the court to bring forward the return date of the rule nisi on 15 March to 9 March to allow her to return to this jurisdiction earlier.

This also seems to be what is set out in what must be a draft order [Supplementary Bundle: B-113 to 114] which I am satisfied must have been filed by the mother’s attorneys, but it is not completed. I digress to note that the proposed date of return was meant to be 12 March 2022, but there is also reference to the mother potentially returning to the jurisdiction on 13 March 2022.

However, the position is, from the documentation that I have read, that the father was insistent that the child should be returned to him before he would leave to travel with them to this jurisdiction. There is an email from the father’s attorney to the mother’s attorney on 8 March 2022 which confirms the position that I have just set out [Supplementary Bundle: B-119].

The father also confirmed via communication from his attorney in an email on 8 March 2022 that he was not prepared to relocate at short notice in the terms sought by the mother. There is reference to him suggesting that they could relocate on a later date, namely 30 April 2022 [Supplementary Bundle: B-121]. The father was also continuing to seek the return of the children’s travel documents to him.

That was the run-up to the father’s more formal response to the mother’s urgent application. The father did formally respond to the application by way of an affidavit [Supplementary Bundle: B-135]. In his affidavit in response, it is clear that the father was opposing the mother’s urgent application and there are various reasons for that opposition.

No doubt on advice of his lawyers, he was within that affidavit asserting procedural irregularities on the part of the mother’s attorneys concerning the application. The affidavit also referred to concerns the father had about the mother’s attendance at K’s school on 7 March 2022. He also took factual issue in relation to a number of points set out in the mother’s affidavit in support of the urgent application.

At paragraph 25 in his affidavit in response [Supplementary Bundle: B-145] the father says this:

He later indicated at paragraph 30 of that same affidavit that, whilst he remained in principle willing to relocate to compromise with mother, he was effectively unhappy that she was looking to expedite the process in circumstances in which he felt were not in the children’s interests [Supplementary Bundle: B-147].

Therefore, I am satisfied from what I have read from the relevant court documentation, and from contemporaneous messages around that period, that the father was plainly opposing the mother’s urgent application to allow the children to relocate to this jurisdiction. I am also satisfied that the mother clearly knew that the father was opposing her application because this was stance in the father’s affidavit in response to her application, she had attorneys on record representing her in terms of her urgent application and, lest there be any doubt about this, she confirmed the same in her own statement filed in these proceedings in paragraph 56 [Core Bundle: C-152] wherein she indicates that she knew the father was opposing her application.

I am satisfied, for the reasons I have just set out, that the order that was made on 9 March 2022 [Supplementary Bundle: B-166], the mother knew that her urgent application was dismissed with costs on 9 March 2022 and, as I say, I am entirely satisfied she was aware that her application had been unsuccessful. I have every reason to suppose that she became aware of that outcome on that day, namely 9 March 2022.

We therefore move to events that occurred following the dismissal of the mother’s urgent application on 9 March 2022. The father makes allegations that he was a victim of a number of threats from the mother and her friends. He has provided evidence of a bullet that was delivered to him. The mother takes issue with those allegations. She has made no admissions and I am not going to make any findings in relation to this aspect.

The mother in her typed statement that was filed earlier this week referred to some telephonic communication with the father and in the course of submissions yesterday there was an assertion that the father, notwithstanding the events in court on 9 March 2022, had in fact consented to the children relocating to this jurisdiction.

The mother was also keen to refer to the email communication that I have summarised indicating the father’s stance about compromising and agreeing to the children coming to this jurisdiction. However, it became clear that the mother was asserting that there was further purported consent by the father after 9 March 2022. I therefore gave the mother permission to file a further statement. This is the third statement that I mentioned earlier, which was drafted in her own hand and filed. In that further statement, the mother said that she had spoken to the father’s brother, Mr F.J, on 9 March 2022 and, as part of that conversation, she says that her brother-in-law confirmed that the father would be making arrangements for the children to leave South Africa.

I digress to note that, in her earlier statement the mother does deal in part with reference to a ‘Spider-Man’ party, which is also a reference point in this further third statement. However, in the first statement filed in these proceedings there is no reference to a conversation with her brother-in-law.

Then in the further third statement by the mother, she asserts that on either 10 or 11 March 2022, one or two days after the order dismissing her urgent application on 9 March 2022, she spoke to her brother-in-law again. She refers in the statement to a discussion about setting up a meeting for the father to say goodbye to the child.

Later, according to the statement, the mother says that the father would not attend a meeting, that he reported again through her brother-in-law a fear that a meeting was a trap. However, according to her, the father said through his brother to her that she could leave with the child, do effectively as she saw fit and that he, the father, did not care.

That account then led to the court acceding to a direction that required the parties to give limited oral evidence in relation to the events of 9, 10 and 11 March 2022. Let me therefore summarise briefly the evidence.

Whilst father accepted that his brother Mr F.J. had acted at times as a form of mediator, he denied telling his brother that he could tell the mother that she could leave with the child.

The mother gave evidence. She confirmed her account, as per her third statement, was accurate.

At this point I digress to comment that counsel for the father properly, in my judgment, ultimately did not invite the court to make findings in relation to the factual issues that arise. He makes the pertinent point that the court does not have all of the evidence in relation to this set of issues, that the brother has not provided a statement and therefore has not given any evidence.

As I have indicated already, the mother then left South Africa with the child on 13 or 14 March 2022. The father’s evidence is that he was not aware immediately that this had occurred. The father’s evidence indicates that he was speaking to a person described as “a church leader” on 21 March 2022 and, in the course of that conversation, he then became aware that the mother had left South Africa with the child. It is his case that, after becoming aware of what had happened, he made enquiries of friends living in S [city in the UK] and discovered that the mother had relocated to the family home there. He also shortly thereafter reported the child’s removal to a number of agencies in South Africa.

Let me then just deal, by way of completeness, with other events that followed in South Africa from this point onwards. The mother’s application, as I have mentioned, which was commenced in the Autumn of 2021, reached a final determination on 8 May 2022. Her application was dismissed.

The proceedings commenced by the father in February 2022 continued and an order was made on that application on 3 June 2022 [Supplementary Bundle: B-167]. Amongst other provision, the order provides for the residence of the children with the father. The court in South Africa directed the mother to return the child to his care. Provision was also made relating to travel documentation concerning the children in favour of father. Alternative ancillary provision was also provided that, if such documents were not provided, the forms were to be signed on behalf of the mother. Leave was given to the father to remove the children from South Africa to this jurisdiction. Costs were payable by the mother.

The father’s case in relation to the provision for him to have leave to relocate with the children from 3 June 2022 is essentially that this was on a provisional basis so that he has that permission in place should he decide that he wishes to relocate in the future. However, I again emphasise that that is an order which is in his favour rather than the mother’s favour.

The mother says that she has sought to appeal that order of 3 June 2022 and that her lawyers are waiting for a hearing in relation to an appeal. The father in his evidence asserts that his attorneys in South Africa are not aware of any appeal. Again I do not make any finding in relation to that aspect and, in my judgment, I do not need to do so.

By way of general background, as I have indicated already, the father makes a number of allegations against the mother in the nature of abusive behaviour and alleged violence by her and those connected with her. There has been no forensic examination of those allegations and there are no findings in relation to them in this judgment.

Turning to the father’s application in relation to the summary of return of the child, it is firstly accepted that he is seeking an order in relation to a child who is aged less than 16 years. It is the father’s case that he had rights of custody with respect to the child and was exercising those rights at the time of her removal in March 2022. He also refers through counsel to seeking to exercise those rights in the order that was made by the High Court in South Africa on 24 February 2022.

There has been no argument advanced by the mother in relation to the father having such rights of custody.

It is father’s case, as set out in the evidence filed, that the child was habitually resident in South Africa immediately before her removal to this jurisdiction. In support of that submission he relies upon, through argument by counsel, that both parties engaged in litigation in the High Court in South Africa in relation to the two children, thereby arguably indicating that both parents accepted that the court there had jurisdiction founded on habitual residence to make orders in relation to the children.

In addition, the father through counsel, and in his own evidence, makes reference to a number of other points in support of the child being connected with South Africa.

The mother, in the course of earlier submissions to the court, did seek to associate herself with an argument that, due to the child’s age, as her mother and primary carer from birth, the child had the same habitual residence as herself at the time she was removed to this country. However, by the end of the submissions, it was certainly my understanding the mother accepted the force of the argument that had been presented on behalf of the father in relation to habitual residence.

Lest there be any doubt in relation to this aspect, I will deal briefly in relation to habitual residence at this point in the judgment. I am satisfied that the child was habitually resident in South Africa immediately before her removal to this jurisdiction. I endorse the submission that the fact the parties engaged in litigation in the High Court in Africa is, in and of itself, significant evidence that both parties accepted at that point that the child was habitually resident there.

In my judgment, there are compelling additional aspects of the child’s circumstances and life history to date to persuade this court that she was habitually resident in South Africa. I deal with them in fairly short order:

I am satisfied that these features of the child’s life taken together amount to compelling confirmation that she was habitually resident in South Africa at the time she was brought to this jurisdiction.

Turning, then, to the remainder of the father’s case:

By way of general outline, the mother has made a number of allegations against the father but, as I have indicated already, there has been no forensic evaluation of those allegations. There will be no findings. I will deal at the appropriate juncture with the court’s approach to those allegations when I deal in more detail with the Article 13(b) defence.

There is no suggestion, nor could there be, that the mother was seriously advancing any argument about the father’s rights of custody.

I have already dealt with the position in relation to habitual residence when setting out the summary of the father’s case.

Turning to the substantive case advanced by the mother, she asserts that this was not a wrongful removal in accordance with Article 3. It is her case that the High Court in South Africa had specifically permitted the removal of the family, including the child, who was removed in March 2022.

In the alternative, but also linked in many ways with her case on Article 3, she asserts that the father did consent to the removal of the child in that the father had himself sought permission for the child to be relocated to this jurisdiction.

The mother appeared to accept that the father had not, though, thereafter acquiesced and I will deal shortly with acquiescence in due course.

Further, or in the alternative, the mother seeks to rely upon Article 13(b) grave harm and that it would be intolerable for the child to return to South Africa. There are two limbs to that aspect of her defence:

By way of amplification to this aspect of the case, the mother referred in her evidence and her submissions to this court about the impact on her capacity to parent the child, the impact arising out of her exposure to a dysfunctional relationship and thereby the impact on the child through the impairment of her parenting capacity in the event that she were made to return to South Africa and choose to go.

In relation to that point, it is right that I note, for completeness, that in the documentation filed in these court proceedings there is a suggestion that there was to be a Part 25 application on behalf of the mother by her then-solicitors for a psychologist to explore this limb of the mother’s case. This is reflected in the order made in September 2022. However, there has been no such application. It follows there is no such expert evidence before the court.

Let me then deal with each of the mother’s specific purported exceptions.

It is the mother’s case that the High Court in South Africa had permitted the removal of the child. The mother refers to the order of the High Court there on 24 February 2022 in support of her position. In her argument, she also seeks to set that order against the wider context of the father, over a period of time, confirming his willingness for the child to be relocated to the UK from South Africa. She refers in support to contemporaneous messages that I have summarised already earlier in this judgment and in terms of his application to the court which led to the order made by the Court on 24 February 2022.

In short, her understanding is that permission has been given by the court for the child to be removed. She also refers to the order that was made on 3 June 2022, which of course post-dates the child’s removal, which has the clause within it relating to permission for the father to remove the children to England and Wales at that time. She seeks to bring this to the court’s attention by way of further confirmation that the father has not opposed the removal of this child to this jurisdiction.

Father’s case on this point is as follows: He submits that the order of the High Court in South Africa on 24 February 2022 does not assist the mother in the way that she contends. He submits that the only conceivable construction of that order is that it allowed father, not mother, permission to remove the children from South Africa to this jurisdiction.

The father, also by way of responding to this aspect of the mother’s case, reminds the court through counsel of the specific extract of the chronology that I have summarised in some detail which led up to the dismissal of the mother’s urgent application on 9 March 2022. This had the effect, on the father’s case, of there being no permission for mother to remove the child from South Africa to this jurisdiction.

In my judgment, there is very considerable force in the father’s submissions. I do remind myself of the extract of the chronology of the parties’ litigation in the High Court in South Africa. The mother’s application was dismissed by the court on 9 March 2022. The order that was made on 24 February 2022 was clearly, on its face, an order that ordered relief for the father and not the mother.

I am satisfied that there is no merit in the mother’s defence that this was not an unlawful removal within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention.

The mother’s case on consent is linked in part to her case on Article 3. She effectively again refers, in the context of this defence, to the history of father’s willingness to compromise and for the children to be relocated to the UK, both in terms of various contemporaneous messages and the application by the father seeking permission to remove the children that led to the order on 24 February 2022.

As I have referred to already when dealing with the background, there was a refinement to the mother’s case in the course of submissions in that she was contending to the court that after 9 March 2022, on any view a significant date, she was asserting that she believed that the father had consented to the child’s removal to the UK notwithstanding the dismissal of her application at court.

The mother refers again in the context of this point to the order made on 3 June 2022, which has the clause relating to permission for the father to relocate at that time by way of general reference to being potentially supportive of her position in terms of consent.

A specific point has been raised by the father in relation to the fact that a travel form that is required by the ‘Border Force’ in South Africa was not completed in relation to the removal of the child from the jurisdiction in March 2022. There is a blank version of that form [Core Bundle: C-182] and it is part of father’s case, which I will come to in a moment, that that this form was not completed by the mother because she knew that she was not in a position to complete it.

In relation to that form, the mother’s case is that she did not, on her understanding, have to complete that form because the child was “coming home” to her in the UK.

The overarching introductory submission advanced on behalf of father through counsel is to remind the court that a parent can change his or her mind in relation to consent at any point up to the time of the removal of the child and that this submission is made because of course of the history that I have, hopefully, accurately described earlier on in this judgment from the end of 2021 up until the child was removed from the jurisdiction.

The point is well-made that consent can be removed at any point. That is a significant part of the father’s case. Although there had also been reference by him in various messages to different people, including the mother, that he would compromise, in fact, he changed his mind and instructed his lawyers to oppose the mother’s urgent application. His opposition was successful because her application was dismissed on 9 March 2022. His case is that he therefore clearly indicated to the mother that he was not consenting for the child to be removed from the jurisdiction at that time.

It is also part of his case that he did not tell his brother to tell the mother at any point that she could, effectively, do as she saw fit in relation to the child and to remove her.

However, in relation to that aspect of the case, I have indicated already the father through counsel does not ask the court to make findings in relation to the evidence. In particular, the father does not invite the court to find that the mother has manufactured an account in relation to this course of discussions with her brother-in-law.

I have already referred to the rationale underlying father’s position. The court does not have all of the best evidence in relation to that particular issue in that the brother has not given evidence, there being on the face of it, until yesterday, no reason for the father on the evidence that had been filed to approach his brother to secure a statement from him.

In relation to the order dated 3 June 2022 the father submits again that the order is essentially for his benefit, not the mother, on a provisional basis that it would be available to him should he choose to relocate the two children to this jurisdiction.

Also, as part of the father’s case in response, it is submitted quite properly and correctly on his behalf that the burden is on the mother to show that he had consented to the removal. I have indicated in the review of the case law that the burden is to show that there was clear and unequivocal consent on his part that continued up to the point of removal. The father’s case is that he did not consent or, in the alternative, the mother has failed discharge the burden on her to show that he had at the time consented.

As I have indicated, the father also refers to the blank form [Core Bundle: C-102] and asserts through counsel that it is not completed because the mother was not in a position to do so.

Once again, in my judgment, there is considerable force in the submissions advanced on behalf of the father. The burden is on the mother to show that there was clear and unequivocal consent on the part of the father operating at the time of the child’s removal.

I am satisfied that the immediate context to the court order in the High Court of South Africa on 9 March 2022 is highly significant. From my summary, it is clear that the father was not consenting to the mother’s application. As I have said already, I am satisfied the mother would have been aware the father was not consenting to her application. I am satisfied the mother was aware that the court refused her application on 9 March 2022.

I am also satisfied that counsel is right in submitting to me that, ultimately, it is not necessary to make findings in relation to the evidence that I have summarised from the mother and the father about conversations involving her and her brother-in-law. Counsel, in my judgment, makes the sound submission that, set against the context that I have just summarised, and the order that had been made on 24 February 2022, that it is incumbent upon the mother, on her case, not merely to accept what was indicated by a third party on behalf of the father, but to have clear and unequivocal confirmation that the parent, rather than the third party, was consenting.

I am satisfied that whatever took place in terms of the conversations between the mother and her brother-in-law, the father had not instructed his brother to consent in relation to the child being removed and I am, in the light of the evidence on this issue, satisfied that the mother has failed to discharge the burden that there was unequivocal consent from the father at the time she removed the child to this jurisdiction.

I have referred already to acquiescence as a further limb to this aspect of the mother’s defence. As I have indicated, she did not pursue that in the course of her argument to the court. She was candid enough to confirm that there had been no communication of any kind between the father and her after she returned to the jurisdiction with the child and no suggestion at all that, following the child’s removal, the father indicated that he was willing to concede and accept the child’s removal.

It is part of the father’s case that his litigation conduct in South Africa following the child’s removal is also, lest there be any doubt, confirmation that following removal he did not acquiesce.

On reflection, I do pause though to consider the relevant paragraph of the order of the High Court on 3 June 2022 which gives the father permission to relocate the children. However, I pause only momentarily in confirming that I am not in any way satisfied that this begins to suggest that this was an indication of acquiescence on his part in relation to the child’s removal in March 2022. I am satisfied that, once again, as in relation to the order made on 24 February 2022, that was provision in his favour in relation to the removal of the children rather than any form of provision for the mother. I see no reason to reject the explanation that this was effectively provisional authorisation for him to move the children in the future if he so decides he wants to remove them.

It is part of mother’s case that the father is effectively now living in South Africa illegally, that he is there by virtue of a spousal visa and that she, as the spouse referenced in that spousal visa, is no longer living in South Africa.

The visa is copied within the bundle [Core Bundle: C-175] and, although it is not a good quality photocopy, what appears on the face of the document is an obligation on the father to reside with a South African citizen and not to work. As mother says there are sustainable concerns about the father’s immigration status, it would be intolerable to place the child in jeopardy of being returned to father who then may be deported in the near future.

By way of overarching submission, father through counsel makes the point that the burden in terms of advancing the defence is, once again, on the mother. He essentially submits that the concerns about this aspect on mother’s case merely amount to contentions that she advances with implications in terms of his status and that he has placed evidence before the court of his immigration status.

I digress to remind myself that the court at the hearing in September 2022 directed him to place evidence before the court as to his status and the implications of mother no longer living in South Africa. He has done so within a statement and also by reference to the source email communication from his immigration lawyer about his status.

In summary, the father refers to the evidence that has been filed to suggest that there is no immediate consequence for him resulting from the mother no longer living in South Africa, that his visa is valid until 23 August unless it is cancelled before that date, with cancellation said to be rare according to that lawyer.

As I indicated earlier, the visa itself requires the father to reside with a South African citizen. I have already referred to the dual nationality of both the children. It did cross the court’s mind whether the father living with either or both of the children would in fact satisfy that requirement, but there is no evidence about that and so I do not proceed on that basis. What is in the bundle, which I note, is the reference in the advice from the immigration lawyer that the father can apply to change his status from that of a spousal relative to that of a parental relative [Core Bundle: C-190].

I am again satisfied that the mother has failed to discharge the burden on her in relation to advancing this part of her defence. She makes a number of assertions within her evidence. There is no independent evidence to substantiate the concerns. The court directed the father to provide evidence of his immigration status. He has done so. That evidence suggests that there is no immediate cause for concern and it would appear that there are options available to father to explore in terms of regularising his visa status following the mother’s relocation to this country.

Furthermore and in any event, there may well be ongoing proceedings in the High Court in South Africa in relation to these children. On my understanding, it would be open to the mother to advance the case, if I return the child, for her to seek permission to relocate herself with the two children to this jurisdiction. Matters are not, in my judgment, finally settled in South Africa. I am satisfied that the principle that there is no such thing as a ‘final’ order in relation to any child applies in South Africa.

Insofar as there may be difficulties in relation to the father’s immigration status, I am satisfied that these may arise in the future and should not cause this court a concern when considering making a summary return order.

As I have indicated more than once, the mother has made a number of serious allegations of domestic abuse in terms of a course of conduct towards her as well as alleged domestic violence. She has told the court that she has also referred to these allegations in proceedings in South Africa.

Digressing for a moment, the father makes the point that none of the allegations that are set out in the mother’s statement appear to have been asserted by her in support of her application in the autumn of 2021 for permission to remove the children and that the allegations were not, seemingly, reported to the child professionals or reported to the court in the context of that application. The comment arising is that the allegations lack veracity on the basis that they have not previously been rehearsed in the documentation from South Africa.

I have considered that submission with some caution. I understand why it is made. The reality is that I am satisfied I do not have all of the documentation in relation to all aspects of all the litigation in South Africa. I have referred to the interim protection order that was made in December 2021. I do not have the evidence in support of that application. So whilst I note why that submission is made on behalf of the father, I do not come to the conclusion that the mother’s allegations are inherently unreliable.

However, to be fair to counsel for the father, and if I may say so, counsel has conducted this case in accordance with the highest standards of the Bar in terms of fairness to a litigant in person, he made the point that the court should proceed in relation to the allegations the mother has made by taking them at their highest. That is what I propose to do.

The mother asserts as part of this aspect of the case that there has been significant impact upon her in terms of her mental health: she has lost weight, she has lost some hair, she has deficiency with her teeth as a consequence of stress and that she is in receipt of a prescription for mirtazapine for anxiety. She asserts that this is all referable to her experience at the hands of the father.

In the light of the case law summarised earlier, it is not simply the case that just because allegations are made the court immediately then goes on to consider protective arrangements. The court has to be satisfied that it is appropriate to take that next step regarding the allegations at their highest. In my judgment, that connection is made out by the mother in this case. It is appropriate, in the light of the nature of the allegations, to consider whether the proposed protective arrangements are appropriate.

I therefore go on to consider the mother’s position in relation to the proposed protective arrangements for her. The father has provided a third statement in which he sets out the undertakings that he would offer to give the mother “a soft landing.” The mother does not accept that the proposed undertakings offered by him would be sufficient. She says that she has concerns that he would not obey undertakings or an order of the court (in place of undertakings) and that the system to protect partners from abusive relationships in South Africa is ineffective.

I invited the mother in the course of taking submissions from her to consider the various undertakings and to see whether or not any refinements to them would address her concerns such as the extent of an exclusion zone. However, she firmly indicated that no extent of refinement would, on her case, amount to sufficient protective arrangements.

It is right that I should record again that the father denies the allegations the mother makes and that he has made counter-allegations. I am not making any findings. I am proceeding on the basis that I should take mother’s allegations at their highest. He does deny that the mother has mental health problems and it is right certainly that she has not placed before the court any evidence of that in the form of medical records, a letter from her general practitioner, a copy of the prescription or anything of the kind.

On the premise that the court accepts the gateway, if I can use that expression, to protective provisions is opened, the father has set out in a third statement a number of undertakings that are proposed. The proposed undertakings are without prejudice, which is the usual arrangement. The proposed undertakings are to last until further order of the High Court of South Africa unless otherwise specified. The following is a summary:

There are also mirror undertakings sought about not removing the children from South Africa without the other parent’s written consent or the order of the court of South Africa. The father seeks undertakings from the mother. That request at the moment appears to be somewhat academic. As I have mentioned, the mother has indicated that she would not accompany her daughter back to South Africa.

At this stage I digress to deal with some very recent information shared with the court. Before starting to give this judgment, I was informed by counsel for the father that, in the light of the mother’s indication yesterday that she would not return to South Africa, enquiries were made of the immigration lawyer to establish whether or not the father could come to this country for the purpose of collecting the child to return to South Africa without any adverse implications in terms for him of re-entry to South Africa in view of his immigration status. In short, the position, as summarised by counsel, is that there are no such concerns. The mother, though, in response wished to share with the court concerns that there may still be potential adverse implications on father on his return to South Africa with the child.

Having taken mother’s allegations at their highest, and being satisfied that the gateway opens up to consider protective arrangements, I am satisfied that the proposed protective arrangements in this case do address the circumstances appropriately and do amount to an appropriate “soft landing” for the mother in the event that I order immediate return. Therefore, in my judgment the mother’s case in relation to this limb of her defence or exception also thereby fails.

It will be apparent from the judgment so far that I have considered separately each exception or defence advanced by the mother and that I have rejected each of them. Nevertheless, I am invited to indicate in this judgment what the court would have done in terms of exercising its discretion, or otherwise, in the event that the relevant defence had been made out. Father’s counsel invites me to indicate the court’s approach now.

Had it been relevant, counsel for father would have invited the court to exercise its discretion in favour of returning the child to South Africa in any event for three reasons:

Mother in relation to this aspect effectively invited me, should the circumstances arise, not to exercise my discretion to order an immediate return.

In my judgment, the individual and collective implications of the points that would have been advanced on behalf of the father in relation to the discretionary exercise are well made out and, taking them together, it would have persuaded this court to exercise its discretion in favour of a return even in the event that an exception or defence had been made out.

Accordingly, in all of the circumstances set out in this judgment, the court grants the father’s application and orders the summary return of the child to South Africa.