BK v NK (Suspension of Return Order)

This is an application under the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985. These proceedings engage the provisions of The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 1980 (hereafter "the Convention") and Council Regulation (EC) 2001/2003 of 27 November 2003 (hereafter BIIA).

In this matter I am concerned with RK, who was born in 2010 and is now aged 6. The applicant father, BK, seeks an order for the immediate return of RK to the jurisdiction of Poland following his removal by the mother, NK, from that jurisdiction on 16 May 2015.

The following matters are not in dispute between the parties for the purposes of determining this application:

At the time the mother removed RK from the jurisdiction of Poland he was habitually resident in that jurisdiction for the purposes of Art 3 of the Convention;

RK was below the age of 16 at the time he was removed from the jurisdiction of Poland and remains so;

The father did not consent to the removal of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland;

At the date the father commenced proceedings RK had been in the jurisdiction of England and Wales for less than 12 months;

The polish court is seized of proceedings concerning the welfare of RK, which proceedings are ongoing.

Within this context, the mother seeks to defend the father’s application for summary return on two grounds. First, the mother contends that the father did not have ‘rights of custody’ in respect of RK for the purposes of Art 3 of the Convention as defined by Art 5(a) of the Convention. If the father did have ‘rights of custody’ the mother further contends that there is a grave risk that the return of RK to the jurisdiction of Poland would expose RK to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place him in an intolerable situation and that, accordingly, the defence provided by Art 13(b) of the Convention is made out.

The background to the father’s application is as follows. The father was born in 1986 and is an Armenian national. He contends that he has lived in Poland since he was 7 years of age on a temporary residence card. The mother was born in 1985 and is a Polish national. The parents married in Armenia in January 2009. RK was born in Poland and is a Polish national. They divorced in Poland in 2012.

It is important to note the terms of the verdict by which the Polish court granted the parents’ divorce on 7 February 2012. Whilst there were further proceedings following that verdict (specifically proceedings in 2012 and 2015 regarding allegations of physical abuse by the father that were dismissed due to lack of evidence), both parties accept that the verdict of that date is the operative decision of the Polish court when considering the question of ‘rights of custody’ for the purposes of Art 3 of the Convention. The relevant parts of the verdict of 7 February 2012 (as translated) provide as follows in respect of the mother (‘the plaintiff’) and the father (‘the respondent’):

The parties accept, and it is clear from the expert report on Polish law that has been filed and served in this case, that the term “occupation” in the verdict of 7 February 2012 is used in the sense of type of work rather than place of residence, and that the phrase “treatment way” concerns decision making in relation to medical treatment for RK. The mother contends that the father’s right to remain in Poland was conditional upon him proving that he paid financial support for RK pursuant to the verdict and remained in employment.

The father states that following the verdict of 7 February 2012 the mother sought to impede his contact with RK, although the father continued to spend time with RK pursuant to the verdict of the Polish court. By contrast, the mother alleges that the father failed to respect the order of the court and would attend for contact with RK as and when he wanted, would on occasion fail to return him on time and would bully her and intimidate her. The mother made applications to the Polish court to restrict the time the father spent with RK but the papers before this court indicate that such applications were not pursued.

Following the parents’ divorce the mother married an Algerian national, BD in 2013. The father contends that during this period the mother was drinking alcohol excessively and was taking anti-depressants. This is denied by the mother.

On 22 September 2014 the mother made an application to the Polish court for an order permitting her to apply for a passport for RK, she contending that the father was unreasonably refusing to give his consent to a passport being obtained for RK. It would appear from the application that the mother contended that the passport was required in order that she could take RK on holiday to see BD’s family in North Africa on 6 November 2014. On 20 October 2014 the mother made a further application to the Polish court to restrict the father’s contact for RK in circumstances where she contended the father was “not interested in having a relationship with RK” due to alleged drug use.

At the final hearing of the mother’s application for permission to obtain a passport for RK on 27 April 2015, at which the mother was legally represented, the father contends that the Judge indicated that the mother would require the father’s consent to travel abroad for the purpose of a holiday and that the Court considered that the mother should be given permission to obtain an identity card for RK for the purpose of travel. The mother contends that the court gave her permission to apply for a passport, replacing the need for the father to give his consent to the same. The mother states that it was her understanding that as the father’s consent to the issue of a passport was dispensed with she did not require his permission to leave Poland. The father contends that at no point at the hearing on 27 April 2015 did the mother inform the court of a plan to take RK to England.

Within this context, I pause to note that the father has produced a Facebook entry from a beauty salon in England which appears to show an announcement made on 13 April 2015, some 14 days before the hearing in Poland on 27 April 2015, that the mother would be joining the salon, that entry stating that “we would like to let you know that soon a qualified, experienced and fabulous manicurist [NK] is joining our team”. It was not suggested on behalf of the mother that this entry related to someone else. In the circumstances it would appear that the mother had already secured a job in England prior to determination of application for permission to obtain a passport for RK on 27 April 2015, which she had stated was required for a holiday in North Africa and at which hearing she did not mention a plan to travel to England.

On 30 April 2015 a psychological assessment of RK was completed. The provenance of the assessment is unclear, although it appears to have been obtained at the behest of the mother and was compiled following a three-hour observation of RK during which time the mother was interviewed, RK was asked questions and “drawing tests” and “tests of personal processes” of RK were administered. I am satisfied that the conclusions reached by the psychologist (namely that “the tests prove that the father abuses parental authority”, that “The counterbalance to this situation is the mother, whose actions and position fulfil the son’s expectations and support the child’s development” and that “it may be considered that in the current situation the mother is guarantee of the performance of custody over minor RK”) must be treated with significant caution in circumstances where it is clear that this opinion is based solely on the report provided by the mother and does not appear to have involved any contact with the father.

As to the account given to the psychologist by the mother, she reported that the father was possessive and prone to violent behaviour (including beating the mother and knocking her teeth out) in addition to being involved in drugs and criminal behaviour. The mother related that the father initially paid PLN 500 per month in child maintenance but that this had not been forthcoming for 13 months. The mother also reported that her own childhood was difficult, that he parents had divorced when she was aged 10 and that she was obliged to care for her siblings, which task often exceeded her capacity to undertake it. The mother reported that she had suffered post-natal depression for a period of 6 months following RK’s birth and had taken anti-depressants at this time. The mother denied drug use or excessive alcohol consumption.

On 19 May 2015, some 3 weeks after the court had permitted the mother to obtain an identity card to permit RK to be taken on holiday, the father attended the property of the mother to collect RK for an agreed contact. There was no answer at the door. The father was subsequently informed by the mother’s husband that the mother and the child had left the property and that their belongings had been removed. The following day the father leant by way of a text from the mother that the mother had travelled to England with RK but would be returning “in a few weeks”.

The mother states that she informed the Province Office in Poland of her intention to leave and informed the father and provided the father with her contact details. It is plain however that this was done only the day before she departed for the United Kingdom, which the mother confirms took place on 16 May 2015.

In her letter to the Province Office dated 15 May 2015 the mother alleged that the father regularly failed to meet his obligations to RK, failing to pay child maintenance and starting arguments about contact. The mother further alleged that the father “regularly acts aggressively both towards our son, myself and the environment” and that he teaches RK anti-social behaviour. The mother alleged that the father often gave the impression of being under the influence of drugs, that he regularly threatened the mother with violence and threatened to kidnap RK and that he prevented her from obtaining a passport for RK, necessitating an application to the court. The mother contended that these matters had had an adverse effect on RK and that they were “intensifying”. She contended she was anxious for RK’s health and safety. She stated that when the father’s parental rights had been terminated it was her intention to stay in England permanently. She made no mention of employment in England.

In her letter to the father also dated 15 May 2015, the mother stated that she had “left with RK for an unpaid holiday to England” and repeated the allegations she had made to the Province Office. As I have noted, she stated she would arrange a telephone number in the United Kingdom for the father to contact her on, identified that she would remain near London and undertook to facilitate contact between the father and RK should he come to England and agreed that the father could offset the cost of his travel to London against any arrears of maintenance. The father denies receiving this letter. On 27 July 2015 he applied to the court in Poland to enforce his contact with RK.

In her first, undated, statement the mother states that in May 2015 she decided to leave Poland for England in order to ensure the safety of herself and RK. The mother seeks to emphasise the fact that she came to England “out of fear” for her safety and concern regarding the impact on RK of the father’s behaviour towards her. The specific reasons the mother gives for removing RK from the jurisdiction of Poland are set out in her fist statement. Again, she makes no mention of employment in England. Her stated reasons can be summarised as follows:

From the moment she became pregnant with RK the father was domestically violent to her and restricted her movements from the family home;

The stress of the home situation caused problems during her pregnancy and she was taken to hospital “many times”;

Following the birth of RK (at which time the mother had already decided to leave the father) the father’s level of aggression increased, resulting in the involvement of the Polish police and the father being given a ‘Blue Card’ relating to domestic violence;

The father continued to abuse the mother and was involved in crime, including drugs and facilitating illegal immigration;

At the divorce hearing the Judge was compelled to call the Police due to the father’s levels of aggression;

The mother was the subject of threats at the court hearings from the father and his friends.

By contrast, in her second statement, dated 7 June 2016 the mother states her reasons for leaving Poland as follows:

On 4 September 2015 the mother’s application to restrict the father’s parental responsibility for RK came before the Polish court. Both parties were legally represented. The mother had provided a letter to the court dated 7 August 2015, which letter indicated that she was living at an address in England. The address provided by the mother was a beauty salon at which the father understood the mother to be working and which had, on 13 April 2015, announced that “we would like to let you know that soon a qualified, experienced and fabulous manicurist [NK] is joining our team”. The mother made clear that she had decided to stay in England for some time.

The reasons the mother gives at this point for remaining in England are somewhat different from those she gave to the Province Office and the father for leaving Poland. The mother stated that (i) the father had left the flat in which the family lived and had stopped paying the bills, (ii) that her profession was “very desirable” in England, resulting in many offers of employment, (iii) that she had a good job, (iv) that the benefits and education system in England covered her and her son fully and was “incomparably higher” than in Poland, (v) that the father refused to pay child maintenance, (vi) that he had shown no will to establish contact with RK, (vii) that she was financially self-sufficient for the first time and did not need to rely on the uncertain and humiliating support of friends, (viii) that she was able to repay her debts and (ix) that RK had been accepted into a prestigious school. The mother made no mention of any violent of aggressive conduct on the part of the father or any reference to threats to RK’s health or safety from the father. Within this context, at the hearing before the court in Poland on 4 September 2015 the judge informed the father that the mother had communicated with the court and advised that she would not be returning to Poland.

On 4 September 2015 the Polish court adjourned the proceedings and vacated a direction for the parties to attend an expert psychological assessment with RK. On 16 September the mother wrote to the Polish court seeking to withdraw her application to restrict the father’s parental authority, which application was agreed by the father.

On 2 October 2015 the father sent a text message to the mother at 22:54 in which he said “Good, you’ll be in Poland in about 2 weeks and then I will spit at your face you child theft, kidnapper. You know how many people gave testimony against you you’re fucked, you don’t know it yet.” The father now denies sending this message.

In January 2016 the father states that he was contacted by an acquaintance of the mother in England who reported to him an allegation that the mother’s partner had assaulted RK and was not permitted to have contact with either RK or his mother. On the 29 February 2016 at 09:59 the father sent the mother a message on Facebook saying “You scum. I learnt that someone hit the child, I fuck you out. Fuck. I’ll fuck you out. Fuck, how could you have let that happen. Fuck, you asshole. You’ll regret this. Bitch.” The father now denies sending this message.

Within the context of the allegation that RK was assaulted by the mother’s partner in England, the court has been provided with disclosure from the relevant Children’s Services. That material indicates that three referrals have been made in respect of RK following issues being raised regarding the mother’s alleged use of drugs and alcohol and of domestic violence by the mother’s partner, NS towards the mother and RK in February 2016. NS has been arrested and charged with three counts of assault against the mother. The Police are further investigating an allegation that NS assaulted RK.

The mother has been advised by social services not to have contact with NS. However, on 7 March 2016 the mother stated that she no longer wished to seek an injunction against NS, saying they were “really good partners”. Children’s Services have now provided further disclosure indicting that the mother is ten weeks pregnant with NS’s child and that, against their advice, is again in a relationship with him. The mother denies this and contends that the pregnancy results from an encounter with an unidentified man. Children’s Services are now engaged in further assessing the situation.

On 16 April 2016 the mother contacted the Polish Border Police. The father states that she made an allegation to the Border Police that the father had threatened her (the father denies that he did so) and that, following the mother’s allegation, the father was arrested and detained in a deportation centre on 5 May 2016. The mother accepts that she contacted the Border Police but states that this was simply to ascertain the father’s immigration status. She further concedes that whilst living in Poland she supported the investigations of the Police and Border Control with respect to the father’s immigration status, including providing accounts of the physical abuse she says she suffered at the hands of the father, the parents’ divorce and what she contends is his failure to support RK financially, the mother contending the father is 14,000 PLN in arrears.

It is in any event common ground that on 20 June 2016 the father was deported to Armenia and is now living with family in Armenia. The father informs Ms Renton that has instructed an immigration solicitor in Poland and has lodged an appeal against his deportation from that country on the basis that his mother and sister live in Poland, that Poland is where he grew up and was educated and that his son is Polish.

In a further letter to the Polish court dated 5 May 2016 the mother gave a further, and again slightly different, explanation of her reasons for leaving and then remaining out of the jurisdiction of Poland, stating that she had originally wanted to be in England only for the duration of the Polish proceedings because the father intimidated her but that she had decided to stay.

The mother has now established a nail salon business in England and RK has commenced schooling. His school report states that RK is a bright and enthusiastic child who is polite and friendly, confident in the use of English language and happy to make friends. He has what is described as a “strong friendship group”. On 5 May 2016 the mother sent a further application in the Polish court to terminate the father’s parental responsibility (as distinct from an application to remove RK permanently from the jurisdiction of Poland).

Finally, with respect to the progress of these proceedings, subsequent to the father learning at the hearing on 4 September 2015 that the mother intended to remain in England with RK, there followed a period of delay caused by the father’s application to the Central Authority in Poland lacking the necessary translations. The father’s application was ultimately forwarded by the Polish Central Authority on 7 March 2016. The father’s application under the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 was issued on 5 April 2016. Following the granting of a location order on that date the mother and child were located at Gatwick Airport on 16 April 2016 and their passports were seized.

The court has in this case the benefit of a jointly instructed expert report on Polish law. The expert has provided a substantive report dated 24 May 2016 and an addendum report dated 15 June 2016. The relevant contents of those reports are not substantially disputed by either of the parties, although each seeks to derive different conclusions from those contents. It is important to note that the expert’s report, perhaps as a result of the process of translation, is in places somewhat opaque and even, on occasion, contradictory. Both parties made clear however that they did not seek a second expert report nor did they seek to put further questions to the expert.

With the foregoing caveat regarding the clarity of some aspects of the expert’s conclusions, I am satisfied that the following propositions regarding the legal position under the law of Poland relevant to the decisions that fall to be made by this court can safely be extracted from the expert’s report:

The concept of ‘parental authority’ in Polish law is not defined in one provision but its meaning stems from the interpretation of Arts 92 to 112 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code [Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy].

Art 93 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code provides that parental authority shall be vested in both parents.

Art 95 of the Code provides, inter alia, that (a) parental authority includes, in particular, the obligation and the right of parents to perform the custody of the person and property of the child and the child’s upbringing, whilst respecting the child’s dignity and (b) parental authority should be exercised as required by the child’s welfare and the public interest.

Art 97 of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code provides that if parental authority is vested in both parents, each of them shall be obliged and shall have the right to exercise it.

The verdict of 7 February 2012 entrusted parental authority over RK to the mother and conferred limited parental authority on the father.

The verdict of 7 February 2012 leaves the father with the right to co-decide on important matters in respect of RK regarding choice of school, choice of profession, methods of medical treatment and organisation of leisure time. Polish case law and doctrine together assume that these matters are important matters beyond ordinary, everyday life.

In matters not specified in the verdict of 7 February 2012 the father cannot exercise parental authority and the right and obligation to perform this lies only with the mother.

However, under Polish law a mother who has unlimited parental authority cannot decide to change the place of residence of the child in an unlimited way. This decision requires the consent of the child’s father, even if his parental authority is limited, as confirmed by the resolution of the Polish Supreme Court [Sąd Najwyższy] of 10 November 1971 Reg. No. CZP 69/71 which held that:

Within this context, the consent of the parent with limited parental authority is needed for the child to go abroad and a mother holding unlimited parental authority has a duty to obtain the father’s consent for changing the place of residence of the child. The father has a right to give or withhold his consent. If the father withholds his consent but it is in the child’s best interests to move abroad the court will consider the father to be unjustifiably withholding consent and will permit the other parent to move abroad with the child.

This position is reinforced by the fact that, under Polish law, if one parent does not consent to an application being made for a passport for the child, the consent of the court is required in substitute for the consent of the parent who has withheld their consent. This demonstrates that the father’s consent to a permanent change of residence “is even more necessary”. The consent of the court to apply for a passport does not include permission to remove the child permanently from the jurisdiction.

Further, the mother was obliged to obtain the consent of the father to remove RK to a British school. If the father had withheld his consent, then the mother would have been obliged to obtain the consent of the court.

The jointly instructed expert also gives his opinion on whether the father had ‘rights of custody’ in respect of RK for the purposes of Art 3 of the Convention, answering this question in the negative. However, this question is a matter for this court to determine having regard to the expert’s advice on the state of the relevant law in Poland (see Kennedy v Kennedy [2010] 2 FLR 782). In any event, for the reasons I set out below, I am satisfied that the conclusions of the expert with respect to the question of the father’s ‘rights of custody’ under the Convention are incorrect.

Art 3 of the 1980 Hague Convention provides as follows with respect to the wrongful removal or retention of children:

it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person, an institution or any other body either jointly or alone, under the law of the State in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention; and

at the time of the removal or retention those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention.

Further in relation to the meaning of ‘rights of custody’ Art 5 of the 1980 Hague Convention provides as follows:

‘rights of custody’ shall include rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child’s place of residence;

‘rights of access’ shall include the right to take a child for a limited period of time to a place other than the child’s habitual residence.

Within this context, the meaning of the term ‘rights of custody’ is established by the autonomous law of the 1980 Hague Convention (as distinct from any particular domestic legal system). Whether ‘rights of custody’ as defined by the 1980 Convention exist in a given case is to be determined by reference to the position created by the law of the state in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention. Thus, the court’s approach to determining the question of the existence or otherwise of ‘rights of custody’ is a two stage process (Hunter v Murrow [2005] 2 FLR 1119 and Kennedy v Kennedy [2010] 1 FLR 728), namely:

What is the position created by the law of the state in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention?

Does the position created by the law of the state in which the child was habitually residence immediately before the removal or retention equate to ‘rights of custody’ for the person in question having regard to the meaning of the term ‘rights of custody’ as established by the autonomous law of the 1980 Hague Convention?

With respect to establishing the meaning of the term ‘rights of custody by reference to the autonomous law of the 1980 Hague Convention, in Re C (A Minor)(Abduction) [1989] 1 FLR 403 at 412 Lord Donaldson MR described the approach of the court as follows:

Within this context, I note again that the definition of ‘rights of custody’ provided by Art 5(a) of the Convention provides that rights of custody “shall include rights relating to the care of the person of the child and, in particular, the right to determine the child’s place of residence”.

As to whether the position created by the law of the state in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention equates to ‘rights of custody’ having regard to the meaning of the term ‘rights of custody’ as established by the autonomous law of the 1980 Hague Convention, in Re D (A Child) [2007] 1 AC 619 at [26] Baroness Hale observed that:

Within this context, this case raises the issue of the extent to which a parent’s right under the law of the state in which the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention to veto the removal of that child from the jurisdiction without the permission of the court (a ne exeat right) constitutes ‘rights of custody’ within the meaning of the 1980 Convention. The House of Lords held in Re D (A Child) that the right of veto does amount to ‘rights of custody’. This is also the position taken by the US Supreme Court (see Abbott v Abbott 130 S Ct 1983 (2010)). In Re D Baroness Hale stated at [37] and [38]:

In Re D it can been seen that the House of Lords drew a distinction between a right to veto the removal of the child from the home jurisdiction, which will amount to ‘rights of custody’ within the autonomous meaning of Art 5(a) of the 1980 Convention and a “potential right of veto” (for example, the right to go to court and seek an order), which is insufficient to establish ‘rights of custody’.

As to ‘rights of custody’ arising “by reason of a judicial or administrative decision”, I note that in Re F (Rights of Custody) [2008] 2 FLR 1239 the then President, Sir Mark Potter, held that a Polish court order restricting the father’s parental authority in respect of the children only to permitting him to “co-decide on their vital problems in connection with upbringing, education and medical treatment” was sufficient to establish ‘rights of custody’ on the part of the father.

The law in respect of the defence of harm or intolerability under Art 13(b) was examined and clarified by the Supreme Court in Re E (Children)(Abduction: Custody Appeal) [2011] 2 FLR 758. The applicable principles may be summarised as follows:

As to specific circumstances which may result in the defence under Art 13(b) being made out, if it is demonstrated that an order for return would result in the child being left destitute and homeless then the court is likely to find that the defence under Art 13(b) has been made out (Re M (Abduction: Undertakings) [1995] 1 FLR 1021).

Where proceedings have been issued within a year, and accordingly the defence of ‘settlement’ under Art 12 does not arise for consideration, it has been held that settlement arising from delay can, in appropriate circumstances, nonetheless constitute the basis for an argument that the child would be exposed to an intolerable situation for the purposes of Art 13(b) if summarily returned to the country of his or her habitual residence within the context of ‘intolerable’ meaning “a situation which this particular child in these particular circumstances should not be expected to tolerate” (see Re D (A Child)(Abduction and Custody Rights)[2007 1 AC 619 at [52]). In Re D (A Child)(Abduction and Custody Rights) at [53] the Supreme Court held as follows in the context of a delay of over three years between removal and return:

However, as recognised by Macur J in Ks v RS [2009] 2 FLR 1231 at [45], such an approach is fact specific and is subject to the well-established principle that the court should require clear and compelling evidence of grave risk of harm or other intolerability, which must be measured as substantial, not trivial, and of a severity which is much more than is inherent in the inevitable disruption, uncertainty and anxiety which follows an unwelcome return to the jurisdiction of the court of habitual residence. Within this context, in TB v JB [2001] 2 FLR 515 Hale LJ (as she then was) said:

There are no authorities on the question of whether returning a child to the country of his or her habitual residence at the request of a parent who is no longer in that country is capable of satisfying the requirements of Art 13(b). As with all cases in which Art 13(b) is invoked, the answer will depend on the facts of the case and the extent to which it can be said that to return the child in these circumstances would expose the child to an intolerable situation in the sense of placing the child in “a situation which this particular child in these particular circumstances should not be expected to tolerate”.

For example, where there has been delay in seeking the return of the child it is arguable that the absence from the jurisdiction of habitual residence of the parent seeking the return of that child to that jurisdiction, and the consequent inability upon the child’s return to continue and promote the relationship between the child and the left behind parent in that jurisdiction, may increase or exacerbate the intolerability of uprooting the child for the purposes of return after a long period of settlement and/or the disruption, uncertainty and anxiety which follows an unlooked for return to the jurisdiction of the court of habitual residence. Against this, it might be argued that, where the left behind parent is still entitled, and able, to seek a welfare determination in the country of the child’s habitual residence notwithstanding his or her absence from that jurisdiction, the underlying principle on which the Convention rests (that any debate on the merits should take place before the competent authorities in the State where the child had his habitual residence prior to his removal) will remain highly relevant.

Finally in respect of Art 13(b), this is a case to which the provisions of BIIA Art 11(4) apply. In the circumstances the court cannot refuse to return the child on the basis of Art 13(b) of the 1980 Hague Convention if it is established that adequate arrangements have been made to secure the protection of the child after his return.

Art 12 of the 1980 Hague Convention provides, inter alia, as follows with respect to the return of an abducted child:

It would appear that the court, having determined to make an order for summary return in circumstances where none of the defences to the same are made out, has the power to stay or suspend the operation of that order pending steps being taken in the court of the child’s habitual residence, which steps may result in the child not returning to the jurisdiction of habitual residence. It would also appear that this power is one to be exercised only in exceptional circumstances.

In JPC v SLW and SMW (Abduction) [2007] 2 FLR 900 the then President, Sir Mark Potter concluded that the defences of consent or acquiescence, child’s objections and harm were not made out and made an order for summary return of the child to the mother in Ireland. However, in circumstances where the court also concluded that, having regard to the quality of the mother’s parenting, the child’s welfare would not be properly protected in the short period prior to the hearing in the Irish court, the President stayed the return order pending the first directions hearing in Ireland (the Irish judge already being acquainted with the case and having agreed to list the matter for an expeditious directions hearing with a view to holding a welfare hearing) at which directions hearing the Irish court would consider the appropriateness of any further postponement of the child’s return to Ireland.

In F v M and N (Abduction: Acquiescence: Settlement) [2008] 2 FLR 1270 Black J (as she then was) found the defence of settlement to be made out in respect of a child who had been living in England almost 2 years. In circumstances where the Polish court had been seised of the child’s case before the mother abducted the child from Poland, being satisfied that the Polish court was much better placed to determine many aspects of the case than the English court and having regard to the major disruption for the child of making an order for return, Black J concluded that the child would be best served by the Polish court concluding their decision making process as to the child’s welfare as soon as possible. In these circumstances, Black J exercised her discretion in favour of making an order for summary return but suspended that order to allow time for the mother to issue an application in Poland for variation of the Polish interim custody order the in force in favour of the father and permission to bring the child to the jurisdiction of England and Wales.

Finally, in R v K (Abduction: Return Order) [2010] 1 FLR 1456 Ryder J (as he then was) considered the power of the court to stay or suspend a return order pending a decision by the foreign court on the abducting parent's application for interim permission to remove the child to the jurisdiction of England and Wales.Ryder J concluded “there is a jurisdiction to implement a forthwith return order such that specified practical steps can be identified and provided for”. Further, Ryder J did not rule out the power of the court to “to consider an exceptional course of delaying the execution of its order to abide the event of the decision of the Polish court” but made clear that, in the context of the risk of opening the floodgates to applications for delayed return orders in almost every primary carer case, such a course would indeed be an exceptional one.

As to the time scales for implementing an order for return forthwith in a manner which provides for the identification and implementation of identified practical steps over a limited period of time prior to the return, in Re M (Abduction: Undertakings)[1995] 1 FLR 1021 Butler-Sloss LJ (as she then was) observed as follows in relation to the timescales that might be contemplated:

Art 8 of the ECHR requires that State authorities have to make adequate and effective efforts to enforce the return of the child upon an order being made (Gil and Aui v Spain (Application No 56673/00) [2005] 1 FLR 190). A failure by national authorities to take the measures set out in the Hague Convention to secure the return of the child under those provisions (including the provision for return forthwith under Art 12(1)) can amount to a breach of the Art 8 right to respect for family life of the non-abducting parent (see Ignaccolo Zenide v Romania (2001) 31 EHRR 7 at [95] and Gil and Aui v Spain (Application No 56673/00) [2005] 1 FLR 190 at [59]-[63]).

Finally, in cases where a parent who has removed children from their jurisdiction of habitual residence and is facing the summary return of children to that jurisdiction forthwith, I consider that it is always important to recall the observations of Mostyn J in B v B [2014] EWHC 1804 that the objective of the Convention is to ensure that a child who has been removed unilaterally from the country of his or her habitual residence, in breach of rights of custody, is returned forthwith in order that the courts in that country can decide his or her long term future and that a decision by the English court to return a child under the terms of a Convention is no more and no less a decision to return the child for a specific purpose for a limited period of time pending the court of his or her habitual residence deciding the long term position.

The mother submits that the father does not have rights of custody in respect of RK and relies on the final conclusion of the jointly instructed expert in this regard.

The father submits that he does have rights of custody in respect of RK in circumstances (a) where he has a right of veto the removal of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland (as distinct from simply a right to go to court to obtain such a veto in the form of an order), which right of veto amounts to ‘rights of custody’ within the autonomous meaning of Art 5(a) of the 1980 Convention and (b) in circumstances where the verdict of 7 February 2012 provides that he has the right to co-decide matters relating to medical treatment for RK amounts to “rights relating to the care of the person of the child” for the purposes of Art 5(a) of the Convention and, accordingly, to ‘rights of custody.

Within this context, the Father submits that the evidence before the court demonstrates that the mother had a pre-prepared plan to abduct RK to the United Kingdom in the face of ongoing welfare proceedings in Poland, having misled the Polish court on 27 April 2016 as to the reasons for requesting travel documents for RK in the face of the father’s objection in circumstances where she knew she had already secured employment in England.

If the court is not with the mother in respect of her submissions concerning rights of custody she in any event contends that the defence of harm under Art 13(b) of the Convention is made out in this case.

The mother contends that, notwithstanding that the father has now been deported to Armenia, if she and RK were forced to return to Poland they would not be safe “because of all the proceedings I initiated” to the extent that Art 13(b) is made out. Whilst accepting that the father is no longer in the jurisdiction of Poland, Mr Barda submits the mother is at risk from associates of the father having co-operated with the Border Police and that, being absent from Poland, the father cannot properly give undertakings to protect against this risk.

Through Mr Barda, the mother contends that were an order for RK’s return to Poland to be made she and RK “would have nothing in Poland” in circumstances where her flat was rented, she has no work, no savings and would have no financial aid. The mother contends that there would be no school for RK in Poland. The mother contends she would not be able to stay with family in Poland. Whilst the mother is certain that the Polish court would give her permission to remove RK from the jurisdiction of Poland to the jurisdiction of England and Wales she is fearful that she would lose her flat, business and customers in England in the intervening period were she to have to return to Poland, leaving her and RK impoverished in both jurisdictions. The mother contends that this situation would expose RK to an intolerable situation of a severity that satisfies Art 13(b). The mother submits in particular that a step with these consequences should not be taken where the father is no longer in the jurisdiction of Poland.

The father further submits that the mother cannot make out the defence of harm pursuant to Art 13(b) in this case. With respect to the mother’s allegations concerning his own conduct, the father points to the fact that, by virtue of his deportation, he will not be present in Poland should RK and the mother return, that he offers undertakings as to his conduct (set out below) and that the mother has the protection of the 2005 Polish Law on Domestic Violence, which provides injunctive relief and the Polish Criminal Code, which establishes criminal liability for assault. The father further points to the fact that Poland has ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Prevention of Domestic Violence. The father also offers the following undertakings:

Not to remove RK from the care of the mother save for the purposes of contact pending an inter partes hearing in Poland;

Not to institute or support voluntarily civil or criminal proceedings against the mother for unlawful removal of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland;

Not to harass, pester, molest or use or threaten violence against the mother or encourage any other person to do so.

The father disputes that RK would be left impoverished, let alone destitute, if he was returned to Poland. He points to the fact that the mother reported to the psychologist in April 2015 that she was working in a private cosmetics company earning PLN 1700 under a contract of employment (I note that mother gives a different figure of PLN 1300 in her statement to this court) and has identified similar jobs that would be available to the mother. In the interim Ms Renton, on behalf of the father, points to the fact that the mother accepts she could access benefits in Poland. The father has further has identified a flat that the mother could rent if not able to live temporarily with her own mother.

In relation to the question of delay and settlement (using that word in its non-technical sense) the father relies on the fact that he issued his proceedings before the expiration of the 12-month period articulated by Art 12. The father points to the fact that the question of whether disrupting RK’s status quo by ordering his return amounts to a grave risk that he would be exposed to physical or psychological harm of otherwise placed in an intolerable situation must be considered in the context of the fact that RK has been the subject of social services intervention in this jurisdiction arising out of his home conditions.

With respect to the disruption caused by returning RK to a country in which he is no longer present, the father submits that notwithstanding his deportation from Poland he remains able to participate, albeit from a distance, in proceedings concerning RK in that jurisdiction, noting that the mother continues to prosecute those proceedings. The father submits that, in such circumstances and where RK’s welfare is capable of being safeguarded in Poland pending the determination of proceedings in that jurisdiction, the underlying principle on which the Convention rests (that any debate on the merits should take place before the competent authorities in the State where the child had his habitual residence prior to his removal) should prevail over any temporary disruption and upset caused by removing RK from his current situation in England (which current situation the father in any event contends is far from settled given the matters that have necessitated the involvement of English social services).

Finally, in the event the court orders return, the mother requests that the court suspend the operation of that order pending an application by her in the Polish court for interim permission to remove RK from the jurisdiction of Poland to the jurisdiction of England and Wales. Within this context, with the parties’ agreement and with the assistance of the Office of the Head of International Family Justice, the court posed the following question to District Judge at the Polish District Court via the Polish Liaison Judge:

The reply from the District Court did not really answer the question posed. The position was further complicated by the fact that the Polish Liaison Judge was then unavailable due to holiday commitments. In the circumstances, I requested that the parties make enquiry of their respective Polish lawyers with regard to the question posed in the foregoing paragraph. Once again, a clear answer was not achieved, although the Polish lawyer acting for the father stated that an application to the Polish court for interim permission to leave the jurisdiction with RK would take approximately two months to complete. The father’s Polish lawyer suggested that this time estimate was based on the mother returning to Poland to prosecute such an application.

Whilst, ideally, I would have liked to await a definitive answer to the question posed to the Polish court, I am conscious that I heard submissions in this matter over a month ago and that any further delay in reaching my decision is not appropriate. In the circumstances, I proceed to decide this matter on the best information currently available.

Having considered carefully the very helpful submissions made in this case by Ms Clare Renton on behalf of the father and Mr Robin Barda on behalf of the mother, I have decided that the father has ‘rights of custody’ in respect of RK and that the mother has failed to make out a defence under Art 13(b). In the circumstances, I am satisfied that I must order the return of RK to the jurisdiction of Poland. I am however, in the very particular circumstances of this case, also satisfied that it is appropriate to suspend the operation of the return order to allow time for the mother to issue an application in Poland for interim permission to bring the child to the jurisdiction of England and Wales. My reasons for so deciding are as follows.

The role of jointly instructed expert as to the law in a case such as this is to provide court with assistance on what the law of the relevant jurisdiction is. It is for this court to decide, having regard to the content of the law of the relevant jurisdiction, whether the parent benefited from ‘rights of custody’ for the purpose of Art 3 of the Convention. In the circumstances, in deciding the question of ‘rights of custody’ I have taken into account the experts account of the law applicable in Poland. I have not however taken into account the expert’s conclusions as to whether the father had ‘rights of custody’ for the purposes of the Convention as that question is for me. I am in any event satisfied that the expert is wrong in concluding that the father did not have ‘rights of custody’ at the relevant time.

Within this context, in respect of the question of ‘rights of custody’ the first task of the court must be to establish what rights, if any, the father had in relation to RK under the law of Poland at the time of his removal.

It is plain from the report of the expert that under Polish law the father had a right to veto the removal by the mother of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland without recourse to the court. It is equally clear that if a parent in the position of the father under Polish law deploys that veto, the other parent is prevented from relocating the child to another jurisdiction unless and until they obtain an order from the Polish court overriding the refusing parent’s veto. With respect to removing RK from the jurisdiction of Poland it is clear that the mother cannot act without the consent of the father or, in the face of that consent being refused, the consent of the court. This position is reinforced by the fact that, under Polish law, if one parent does not consent to an application being made for a passport for the child, the consent of the court is required in substitute for the consent of the parent who has withheld their consent. I also note the conclusion of the expert that the mother was obliged to obtain the consent of the father to remove RK to a British school.

The second task of the court with respect to the question of ‘rights of custody’ of the court is to resolve whether the father’s rights in respect of RK under Polish law that I am satisfied are established on the evidence of the jointly instructed expert, amount to ‘rights of custody’ for the purposes of Art 3 and Art 5(a) of the 1980 Hague Convention. I am satisfied that they do.

As I noted above, the position under Polish law is plainly that, with respect to removing RK from the jurisdiction, the mother cannot act without the consent of the father or, in the face of that consent being refused, the consent of the court. I am satisfied that this plainly amounts to a right of veto (as distinct from a potential right of veto) sufficient to amount to rights of custody for the purposes of Art 3 and Art 5(a) of the 1980 Convention having regard to the analysis of Baroness Hale in Re D (A Child) as set out above.

I am conscious that I have reached a different conclusion on the question of the father’s rights of custody to that articulated by the jointly instructed expert at the conclusion of his report. However, as noted, the question of rights of custody is ultimately one for the court. More fundamentally, for the reasons I have set out, having regard to the existence of a right of veto I am satisfied that the expert’s opinion that the father did not have rights of custody for the purposes of Art 3 of the 1980 Convention is not sustainable.

In circumstances where I am satisfied that the father did have rights of custody and in circumstances where the mother does not dispute that at the time she removed RK from the jurisdiction of Poland he was habitually resident in that jurisdiction, I am also satisfied that the mother’s removal of RK from Poland was wrongful. Within this context, I must consider whether the mother can make good the defence of harm under Art 13(b) of the Convention. Having considered the matter carefully, I have concluded that she cannot.

With respect to the issue of domestic violence, I am not satisfied that there is evidence to suggest that to return RK to the jurisdiction of Poland would expose him to grave risk of physical or psychological harm or otherwise place him in an intolerable situation as a result of domestic violence. The father is no longer in the jurisdiction and is prevented from returning to the same absent a decision of the authorities. In the circumstances, at the present time he would not come into contact with RK or the mother. Further and in any event, I entertain significant concerns regarding the mother’s assertions in respect of domestic violence. As set out above, the evidence that tends to suggest her departure was pre-planned with a view to taking up pre-arranged employment in England. Whilst this of itself does not of itself call into question her allegations concerning domestic violence, the evidence before the court also demonstrates significant inconsistency with respect to the reasons she gives for leaving the jurisdiction of Poland. Further, upon arriving in England, the mother provided the father with her contact details in England, including her address and the address of RK’s school. Whilst the mother prays in aid the risk of “associates” of the father in Poland causing her harm as result of his deportation there is no evidence to support that contention.

Further, even taking the mother’s allegations at their highest it is plain that protective measures can be put in place to guard against such a risk. Once again, the father is no longer present in the jurisdiction of Poland. The Polish civil law makes injunctive relief available to the mother in respect of domestic violence and Polish criminal law provides sanctions in respect of the same. The father is prepared to provide an undertaking before this court not to harass, pester, molest or use or threaten violence against the mother or encourage any other person to do so.

I am likewise no persuaded that the RK will face financial or material hardship upon his return to the jurisdiction of Poland sufficient to bring this matter within the terms of Art 13(b). It is plain that what is contemplated in terms of financial or material hardship sufficient to satisfy Art 13(b) are situations where the return of the child results in destitution or homelessness for that child, as opposed to temporary reduction in income caused by the need of the returning parent to change employment or delay in securing benefits in the home jurisdiction (although, conceivably, if it were demonstrated that the latter would lead to the former then the defence may be made out). It is plain on the evidence before the court that the mother was in employment in Poland and was able to support herself and RK there in the absence, the mother contends, of any maintenance being paid by the father (it is of note that in her statement to this court the mother sought to downplay her earnings when compared to the figure she gave to the psychologist in Poland). It would appear that there are jobs available for a person with the mother’s skills as a beautician together with rented accommodation. Within this context, am satisfied that a return order would not lead to RK being left destitute and homeless. Indeed, I am satisfied that the mother would be able to provide materially for RK to an acceptable degree were an order to be made for RK’s return and pending a determination by the Polish court.

The defence of settlement pursuant to the terms of Art 12 of the 1980 Convention is not available in this case in circumstances where the application was issued within a year of the date of wrongful removal. However, for the reasons set out above, it is open to the court in an appropriate case to conclude that, nonetheless, uprooting a child from a jurisdiction in which they have become established by reason of delay may constitute the basis for an argument that the child would be exposed to an intolerable situation for the purposes of Art 13(b) if summarily returned to the country of his or her habitual residence. In considering this question on the facts of a particular case, the court must maintain fidelity to the principle that the court should require clear and compelling evidence of grave risk of harm or other intolerability, which must be measured as substantial, not trivial, and of a severity which is much more than is inherent in the inevitable disruption, uncertainty and anxiety which follows an unwelcome return to the jurisdiction of the court of habitual residence.

In this case RK has been in the jurisdiction of England and Wales now for 14 months. During that time RK has been in the care of his mother. He has commenced schooling in England and he is reported to be doing well with a strong friendship group in school. It is however right to note that RK’s time in England has also been characterised by an alleged assault on him by the mother’s English partner and the involvement of social services.

Whilst it would not be appropriate for this court to make any substantive findings, I note that the social services records that are available to the court indicate that the household in which RK has been residing may have been one in which the mother suffered repeated domestic violence (on at least six occasions between Christmas 2015 and February 2016), in which RK suffered an incident of violence and which was burdened with debt due to mother’s partner’s gambling issues. RK recalled the mother and her partner shouting at each other and recalled being hit in the eye by an iPad thrown by the mother’s partner. The mother later appeared to minimise these issues.

Whilst these matters caused the relevant local authority to advise the mother not to have any further contact with her partner, there is now evidence to suggest she failed to follow that advice and is now pregnant by him, although she denies this. If her denial is true, then she has commenced a relationship, and is pregnant, by another man. Within this context, the mother has informed social workers that RK considers her former partner, who was repeatedly violent to her, to be his father. The mother has informed social workers that she suffers from Bulimia. By reason of the mother’s pregnancy the local authority is now again involved.

I am satisfied that in considering whether the making of a return order after a delay of 14 months constitutes a basis concluding that RK would be exposed to an intolerable situation for the purposes of Art 13(b), a relevant factor that I must consider the extent to that period has been stable, secure and settled for RK. Having regard to the circumstances that appear to have characterised RK’s time in this jurisdiction, and accepting that he appears to be doing well in school, the making of a return order in this case is not a course of action that would expose RK to a move from well settled stability. I am satisfied on the evidence available to me that the 14-month period during which RK has been in this jurisdiction has been anything other than stable, secure and settled for him. Within this context, in circumstances where he would not be being removed from a well settled and stable life in this jurisdiction, I am not satisfied that it can be said that making a return order after a period of 14 months would risk for RK substantial intolerability of a severity which is much more than is inherent in the inevitable disruption, uncertainty and anxiety which follows an unwelcome return to the jurisdiction of the court of habitual residence.

Is this conclusion altered by the fact that a return order will result in RK returning to the jurisdiction of his habitual residence in circumstances where the parent seeking his return is no longer in that jurisdiction? In my judgment, it is not. Whilst that situation may cause the court to question whether there is any point in exposing RK to the inevitable disruption, uncertainty and anxiety which follows a return to the jurisdiction of the court of habitual residence, the absence of the father from that jurisdiction does not in my judgment act to elevate that disruption, uncertainty and anxiety to a level capable of satisfying Art 13(b). This is particularly the case in circumstances where, for the reasons I have given above, I am satisfied that upon return to the jurisdiction of Poland the mother would be able to support herself and RK pending the determination of the Polish court and where the father’s absence from the jurisdiction of Poland addresses the risk of domestic violence contended for by the mother.

Within this context, it is in my judgment important to bear in mind that the Convention is designed to ensure that welfare decisions in respect of a child are taken by the country of their habitual residence unless one or more of the narrow defences provided by the Convention apply. The fact that the father has been deported from Armenia does not alter that fundamental principle. For example, were the father to seek an order providing that RK join him in Armenia it is plain that the appropriate jurisdiction for determining whether such an order should be made is the jurisdiction of RK’s habitual residence, namely Poland.

For these reasons I am satisfied that it cannot be said on the facts of this case that the defence of harm under Art 13(b) can be made out by the mother. I am not satisfied that were RK to be returned to Poland he would be exposed to a grave risk of physical or psychological harm or otherwise exposed to an intolerable situation for the purposes of Art 13(b).

However, whilst I am satisfied that the impact of a return order on RK is not sufficient in this case to ground a defence under Art 13(b), for the reasons I have set out above, I am satisfied in the very particular circumstances of this case, that that impact nonetheless falls to be considered when considering the terms of the return order that the court must make in the absence of a defence to the wrongful removal of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland.

It is plain that the court may stay or suspend the operation of a return order made by the court in appropriate circumstances but that, by reason of the risk of opening the floodgates to applications for delayed return in primary carer cases, such a course is an exceptional one (JPC v SLW and SMW (Abduction) [2007] 2 FLR 900, F v M and N (Abduction: Acquiescence: Settlement) [2008] 2 FLR 1270 and R v K (Abduction: Return Order) [2010] 1 FLR 1456).

I am satisfied that an exceptional circumstance exists in this case. Namely, that the parent seeking the return of the child to the jurisdiction of his habitual residence has been deported from that country with no clear indication as to whether he will be able to return.

In these circumstances, I am satisfied that, whilst the situation that pertains in respect of the father does not satisfy the requirements of Art 13(b) for the reasons I have already set out, the return order that must be made will nonetheless operate to return the child to a country where the applicant parent no longer is, and may never be. In these circumstances, the net result of the return order will be that the RK will be exposed to significant disruption, uncertainty and anxiety in circumstances where there is no prospect at the present time of him re-establishing his relationship with his father in Poland (with no indication of when this might become possible). In addition, he will be exposed to significant disruption, uncertainty and anxiety in circumstances where the Polish court may well, if asked, permit RK to be removed to this jurisdiction, at least in the interim, meaning he had been uprooted only to return to this jurisdiction. Within this context, it is important to note that proceedings are already on foot in the Polish courts and, on the best information available to this court at the present time, the Polish court will be able to deal with any application for interim permission to remove RK from the jurisdiction of Poland in relatively short order.

In these circumstances I am satisfied that, on the very particular facts of this case, there exist grounds for suspending the operation of the return order for a period of 10 weeks to permit the mother to make an application in the Polish court on notice to the father for interim permission to remove RK from the jurisdiction of Poland to the jurisdiction of England and Wales. I am satisfied that such a course of action is in line with previous decisions of the courts in JPC v SLW and SMW (Abduction) [2007] 2 FLR 900, F v M and N (Abduction: Acquiescence: Settlement) [2008] 2 FLR 1270 and R v K (Abduction: Return Order) [2010] 1 FLR 1456. Having regard to the principles established by these authorities, for the reasons I have outlined this is one of those very rare cases where it is appropriate to suspend the operation of the return order for a period of time.

In conclusion I am satisfied that the father has ‘rights of custody’ in respect of RK and that the mother’s removal of RK from the jurisdiction of Poland was wrongful. For the reasons I have given, I am not satisfied that the mother has made out a defence to that wrongful removal under Art 13(b) of the 1980 Convention. In the circumstances, I must make a return order.

However, whilst the impact of a return order on RK is not sufficient to ground a defence under Art 13(b) in this case, for the reasons I have set out above, I am satisfied for the reasons I have given that it is appropriate to suspend the operation of the return order in order to for a period of 10 weeks from the date of this judgment to allow the mother to make an application on notice to the father in the Polish court for interim permission to remove RK from the jurisdiction of Poland to the jurisdiction of England and Wales. I make orders accordingly.

That is my judgment.