Arla Foods Limited & Anor v Persons Unknown

The First Claimant is the largest farmer-owned dairy co-operative in Europe, owned by approximately 9600 dairy farmers, 2,400 of whom are in the UK. It provides 40% of the milk supplied to supermarkets in the UK and is the largest supplier of milk in the UK. While it operates from several sites in the UK producing a range of dairy products, the present proceedings concern four of those sites that produce and distribute milk (the “Sites”). The four sites are at Aylesbury Dairy, Samian Way, Aston Clinton Aylesbury HP22 5EZ (the “Aylesbury Site”), Oakthorpe Dairy, Chequers Way, Palmers Green, London N13 6BU (the “Oakthorpe Site”), Hatfield Distribution Warehouse, 4000 Mosquito Way, Hatfield Business Park, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9US (the “Hatfield Site”) and finally Pontefract Road, Leeds LS10 1AX and the National Distribution Centre at Leodis Way, Leeds LS10 1NN (the “Leeds Site”).

The Second Claimant, a wholly owned subsidiary of the First Claimant, holds the leasehold title to the Hatfield Site.

By the present Part 8 proceedings, the Claimants seek injunctions against a number of identified defendants and persons unknown to restrain future action at the Sites by animal rights activists associated with the protest group initially known as Animal Rebellion, which rebranded last year to Animal Rising (the “Claim”).

The Claimants sought and obtained from Bacon J on 31 August 2022 urgent and without notice relief to restrain apprehended unlawful acts of protest. The interim relief was continued by Fancourt J at a return date on 4 October 2022, and the Judge permitted the Claimants to add 31 named defendants. By way of a 25 October 2022 order, three further defendants were added, one of whom was identified only by a photograph rather than by name. Following the Claimants’ 12 January 2023 application, the final disposal of the claim was adjourned pending the expedited appeal to the Supreme Court in Wolverhampton City Council and Others v London Gypsies and Travellers and others [2023] UKSC 47; [2024] 2 WLR 45, which concerned whether injunctions could be granted against persons unknown and if so what the test for doing so should be. Following the handing down of the Supreme Court decision in Wolverhampton on 29 November 2023, the case was brought on for a final hearing before me to deal with the disposal of the claim against the identified Defendants and a continuation of the injunction order against the defendant persons unknown. This is my judgment following that hearing.

Therefore, the Defendants fall into two categories: 34 named or identified Defendants and six categories of persons unknown. 33 of the former category of Defendants are named and one- the 40^th Defendant- identified by photograph. All 33 of the named Defendants have now agreed to stays of the proceedings through consent orders in return for the giving of undertakings.

That leaves the 40^th defendant, who is identified by image 1 at Schedule 1A of the re-Amended Claim Form but whose name is not known by the Claimants and therefore who cannot be asked by them to sign an undertaking.

A number of the signed draft consent orders supplied to the Claimants at midnight the day before the hearing contained an error in the main body of it, so I agreed not to provide a draft judgment for 24 hours in order that these could be corrected, and I have duly made the consent orders in the terms sought.

The Claimants were represented before me by Caroline Bolton and Natalie Pratt. I am grateful for their submissions. The Defendants did not appear, were not represented, and have not acknowledged service or filed any evidence in the proceedings.

For the reasons set out below, I grant the order sought.

I shall take first the relevant factual background, before setting out the law and then applying it.

Animal Rising have two stated objections to the dairy industry: what they see as its contribution to climate change and its use of animals in the production of milk. For convenience, I shall refer to the individuals involved as animal rights protestors in this judgment.

The Claimants have adduced witness evidence from a number of sources:

I have not had the benefit of having the evidence tested by arguments from the defendants. However, having considered it carefully, I have no reason to doubt its veracity or accuracy, and I accept it. I set out the key points from its below.

To understand the actions that have occurred and the causes of action relied on, it is first necessary to understand in outline the layout of the Sites and their operation.

The First Claimant holds the freehold title to the Aylesbury Site. The Aylesbury Site is the largest dairy in the UK, processing around 10% of the milk in the UK. Therefore, it is a significant contributor to the UK dairy industry. 700 members of staff are employed at the dairy and it is very busy, such that free access to the Site is required at all times to ensure that operations at the dairy can run, and that the surrounding road network remains free-flowing and is not adversely impacted by operations at the dairy. Around 300 trucks enter and leave the dairy each day, consisting of 160 raw milk deliveries and 140 outbound departures.

The trucks that enter and leave the site are a mixture of tankers and other HGV lorries, and as the A41 is the only access road to the site, apart from Samian Way, all vehicles travelling to and from the site use this road. There are three access points to the site, Gatehouses 1 to 3, each of which serves a different function: one is used for raw milk intake and outbound exits, another for access to the employee and visitor car park and the third as the outbound access. All of the access points are from Samian Way, which is an adopted highway for which the local highway authority is responsible. Gatehouses 1 and 2 are manned, and Gatehouse 3 is unmanned but visitors enter using a swipe-card at the barrier or by ringing the intercom to make themselves known to the security staff.

Significant security measures have been put in place at the site since the anticipation of protests in September 2022.

The Second Claimant holds a 15 year lease to the Hatfield Site. Arla operates the Hatfield Site as a distribution centre, employing 500 staff there. The centre handles around 350 million kilograms of palletised food products and around 520 million kilograms of fresh milk, which is delivered direct to the stores of Arla’s customers, mostly supermarkets. The centre processes a very significant proportion of the total milk supplied by Arla in the UK. It also stores and processes significant proportions of the UK’s cheese and other dairy product supply. The Site is like the Aylesbury Site a busy one, with around 400 vehicular movements a day: around 180 inbound and 220 outbound.

Most if not all of these vehicles will use the A1001 and/or A1(M) when travelling to and from the Site. There are two vehicular access points to the Site, both directly off adopted highways maintained by the local highway authority. The first is Gypsy Moth Avenue, from which the HGVs access and exit the site. They travel a short way along a private road into the site before coming to a manned entry barrier. The second is Mosquito Way, where cars access and exit the Site from. That access is controlled by a barrier that is operated by a swipe-card and intercom system. Pedestrian access to the Site is located at the Mosquito Way access, next to the vehicle barrier, through a swipe-card and intercom operated turnstile.

The Site is staffed around the clock by a security team so that two people are always on duty, it is fully fenced and it is monitored by CCTV.

The First Claimant holds the freehold title to the Oakthorpe Site. It operates a dairy business at the Site, processing 350 million litres of milk every year and employing approximately 200 staff. It produces fresh milk, organic milk and fresh cream products for major retailers. It also produces fresh organic milk under its Yeo Valley brand at the dairy.

The Site is busy with vehicular movements, and relies on the same for the operation of its business. There are around 40-50 inbound HGV vehicles a day and around 50-60 outbound HGVs, together with the movement of around 10-20 other vehicles, such as contractors, goods deliveries and waste collections.

The Site is surrounded by a perimeter fence, although access is possible from the bank of Pymmes Brooke, which runs along the southern and eastern boundaries of the Site. It could in theory also be possible to access the site from neighbouring properties, but Arla considers that both of these routes would be incredibly challenging.

There are 5 vehicular access points to the Site:

Aside the measures set out above, there is a security building on the site, vehicle barriers operate automatic number plate recognition cameras, all entry and exit points are covered by CCTV and monitored by security staff, and one vehicular access pointt is closed between 7pm and 7am to minimise disruption to local residents.

The First Claimant holds freehold title to the Leeds Site. The Site actually comprises two sites: the Stourton dairy and Arla’s national distribution centre. The two sites are next to each other, linked by an inter-site gate, such that they form one large site. 450 Arla employees work at the dairy, along with 150 embedded contractors for various services, and the distribution centre employs 405 staff. The dairy processes just over 750 million litres of milk each year. It is the third largest dairy in the UK and Arla’s second largest dairy, the Aylesbury Site being the largest. The dairy accounts for around 7% of the UK’s milk supply output. The dairy produces own label milk for supermarkets, Arla’s branded Cravendale filtered milk, fresh creams, fermented creams, cottage cheese, custard, alcohol cream and milkshake and ice-cream sundae products.

Like the other Sites, the Leeds Site is busy with vehicular movements and relies on the same for the operation of its business. There are around 300 vehicular movements a day around the dairy and around 225 around the distribution centre. Most, if not all, of these vehicles will use the A639 and/or the M1 when travelling to or from the Site. There are four vehicular access points:

Each of the access points is well signed and utilise distinctive green fencing, so their location could be easily identified by protestors. Arla could, if the Pontefract Road access points were blocked, run its operation from the access points on Leodis Way. However, if all access points were blocked, operations would likely have to cease within a matter of hours, with the consequence that a significant volume of milk would be lost, and the distribution centre would have to cease operations within around two hours.

In addition to the security measures above, the dairy is surrounded by a security fence, most of its internal doors are keycard controlled, and around 75% of its internal areas are covered by CCTV. The distribution centre is also surrounded by a perimeter fence, has a significant CCTV system both externally and internally, and all staff at the distribution centre are issued with a security access card which must be used at strategic points of the site to allow access and to pass through the Site.

There have been past animal rights protests at three of the sites: the Oakthorpe, Aylesbury and Hatfield Sites.

Animal rights protestors first entered one of the sites in March 2020. Animal Rebellion has claimed on its website that members of its group were responsible for the relevant action. On 3 March, two protestors entered the Oakthorpe Site and climbed on silos in which dairy product was stored. They were arrested and a minor delay in production operations was caused. Four days later, a much larger demonstration occurred, to which the 3 March demonstration appears to have been a precursor. Around 100 Animal Rebellion protestors entered the site and handcuffed themselves to the railings next to the tanker bay at the Site. They were removed by the Police. The protestors also erected a makeshift structure outside the site and attached themselves to it. They were removed and arrested. The protests came at a financial cost to the Claimants’ business, both in the additional resources needed to protect the business and the adjustments needed to mitigate the impact.

On 31 August 2021, at around 5.30 am, around 50 protestors associated with Animal Rebellion attended the Aylesbury Site. The protest lasted approximately 24 hours. They (a) prevented access to the dairy by blocking Samian Way between the roundabout and first gatehouse; (b) erected two bamboo towers on Samian Way and attached themselves to the towers; and (c) parked a Luton-style van lengthways across the road, making the road impassable and locked themselves to the van. Further (d) several protestors sat in the road and erected and occupied tents on the grass verges, which are within Arla’s freehold title.

ThamesValleyPolice arrived at the Site at around 6 am and remained there for the majority of the 24 hour period. They removed the protestors that had attached themselves to the bamboo structure, and dismantled the structure itself. Around twelve of the protestors were arrested. The blocking of access to the dairy necessitated the closure of the A41 for most of the day, Samian Way was closed for most of the 24 hour period and there was also significant traffic disruption caused in the neighbouring village of Buckland as a result of the closure of the A41.

Animal Rebellion’s website, as it stood at 28 August 2022, details a campaign called “Down with Dairy”, which includes a description of the campaign, stating, among other things, that:

More generally, the website explained the “Down with Dairy” campaign as follows:

The August 2021 protests caused the following harm: (a) it prevented inbound deliveries of raw milk and other raw materials to the Aylesbury Site, which were all diverted elsewhere, and which in turn meant that around 80 farms could not have their milk collected; (b) outbound deliveries were disrupted, which caused disruption to 76 stores operated by Arla customers in the UK and impacted international cream products; (c) finished product went to waste; (d) other activities at the Aylesbury site were also impacted, customer audits of Arla’s facilities were cancelled, tenants on other areas of Arla’s land away from its dairies and distribution centres were impacted, and their operations stopped. The main financial loss was the loss of revenue from uncollected milk of around £170,000. There were also additional cleaning and security costs.

The following accommodations also needed to be made, which caused a significant disruption to Arla’s operations: (a) Arla staff were required to park on Samian Way, walk to work, or use the emergency access; (b) raw milk deliveries were diverted away from the Aylesbury Site; (c) planned deliveries such as fuel, bottle resin and packaging, were rescheduled for the following day; (d) outbound vehicles were stuck at the dairy and unable to leave, and no empty vehicles could enter the Site to load outbound deliveries; (e) the dairy only had 250 milk cages on-site due to the inability to replenish stocks and could not therefore run; and (f) additional security was requested to cover the third gatehouse and patrols.

Moving forward to 2022, in or around August 2022 the Claimants became aware from Animal Rebellion’s website of a plan to disrupt the dairy supply in the UK in September over a one to two week period. The website included a section entitled “This Changes Everything- A Plant Based Future”, which stated, among other things, as follows:

There was also a concern that the Leeds Site may have been surveyed by potential protestors and/or other persons associated with Animal Rebellion, because a dog-walker was seen on 24 August 2022 walking near the Leeds Site and appearing to be recording a video when doing so.

This all led to the 31 August 2022 without notice application, and order bearing the same date made by Bacon J against the persons unknown described in the heading to this judgment e.g. “Persons unknown, who are, without the consent of the Claimants, entering into or remaining on land and in buildings on any of the sites listed in Schedule 2 of the Claim Form”. The order barred the following acts: (a) entering into, entering onto, tunnelling under or remaining on the Sites (paragraph 2.1 of the order); (b) blocking, slowing down, obstructing or otherwise interfering with vehicular access to or from the highway at the Sites (paragraph 2.2); (c) approaching, slowing down, or obstructing any vehicle on or moving along the roads identified in various annexes to the order, for the purpose of (i) disrupting vehicular access to or from the Sites or (ii) protesting (paragraph 2.3); (d) entering, climbing onto, climbing into, or climbing under any vehicle travelling to or from the Sites (paragraph 2.4); (e) affixing themselves (“locking on”) to any vehicle on, entering or existing the Sites where the locking on is for the purpose of protesting (paragraph 2.5); (f) affixing themselves or any other items to any of the roads in (c) or any other person or object on, under or over those roads for the purposes of (i) disrupting vehicular access to or from any of the Sites; or (ii) protesting (paragraph 2.6); or (g) erecting any structure on those roads for the purpose of (i) disrupting vehicular access to or from any of the Sites or (i) protesting (paragraph 2.7).

Alternative service was allowed by a number of methods, including placing the order and documents leading to it on the First Claimant’s websites and Facebook pages, e-mailing a copy of this order to Animal Rebellion, and placing signs and/or notices on the perimeter of each of the Sites. The injunction order was duly placed on the First Claimant’s website on 2 September 2022, a relevant entry added to the First Claimant’s Facebook page the same day, an e-mail sent to Animal Rebellion the same day, which led to an auto-reply from two Animal Rebellion e-mail addresses, and signs placed on the perimeters of the Sites that day.

However, three protest incidents occurred a few days later in September 2022 at the Sites: one on 4^th September at the Aylesbury Site, one on 5^th September at the Aylesbury Site and one on 8^th September at the Hatfield Site.

The incident at the Aylesbury Site on 4 September 2022 started at about 5.30 am. Four protestors entered the Site and climbed on top of four milk silos, where they stayed for the next 10 to 12 hours. As a result of this, and the risk of contamination to the milk product contained in the silos, it was necessary to dispose of 640,000 litres of milk. Trespassing on the Aylesbury Site was a breach of paragraph 2.1 of the 31 August 2022 injunction order, so this appears to have breached that order.

Six protestors entered the Site and climbed on top of three raw milk tankers. Again, that appears to have been a breach of paragraph 2.1 of the 31 August 2022 injunction order.

Several protestors also blocked ‘College Road’, one of the access routes to the Site, which was protected under the injunction order, and climbed aboard and occupied vehicles on the road. It took until approximately 1.30 pm for all of the protestors to be removed from the road and vehicles in the vicinity of the Site, and for free access to the Site to recommence. These actions appear to have been in breach of paragraphs 2.2 to 2.5 of the injunction order.

23 protestors were arrested in connection with the incident.

The next morning, 5 September 2022, at around 2.30 am, approximately 6 protestors entered the Site, and climbed aboard tankers or lay in the loading areas. All protestors were removed by around midday and 4 protestors were arrested.

Three days later, on 8 September 2022, at around 10 am, approximately 20 supporters of Animal Rebellion entered the Hatfield Site. A number of them caused physical damage by drilling into tyres and/or cutting the valves off lorry tyres to immobilise the lorries, before climbing onto a lorry in the loading bay and occupying the site. Over 400 tyres were either drilled or had their valves cut and had to be disposed of. The costs of replacement would be over £170,000. 17 people were arrested for aggravated trespass and criminal damage.

There were no similar incidents in September 2022 at the other two Sites, namely the Oakthorpe and Leeds Sites.

However, there were a number of other actions taken in relation to the dairy campaign between 3 and 8 September 2022. These included protests on 4 September at three sites owned by Muller, entering two Muller facilities on 5 September, disrupting three dairy sites on 6 September (including one of Muller), staging a sit in at four supermarkets and preventing customers at those stores accessing dairy and meat products, staging a protest at Westminster, and again entering a Muller facility on 8 September, blocking entry to the site and gluing themselves to the entry to the site.

The period of protest was temporarily paused on 8 September because of the death of Queen Elizabeth II.

When the matter came back before Fancourt J on 4 October 2022 for the return date of the injunction, the Claimants applied to add 31 persons as named defendants in light of their involvement in the September 2022 incidents, and an order was made continuing the injunction and adding them.

Following the pause for the death of Queen Elizabeth II, Animal Rebellion engaged in a number of pieces of direct action protest in October to December 2022, including attending Fortnum & Mason, Harrods and supermarkets in London, Norwich, Manchester and Edinburgh and pouring milk taken from the shelves of those shops onto the floor. Three of the individuals named in the 25 October 2022 order appear each to have been involved in or linked to one of the acts. Of the remaining named defendants, Rosa Sharkey is stated in an Animal Rebellion website article to be the spokesperson for the 12 supporters of Animal Rebellion who broke into and took 18 beagle puppies from the MBR Acres facility in Wyton, Cambridgeshire on 20 December 2022.

As explained above, the final disposal of the claim was adjourned in light of the Supreme Court proceedings in the Wolverhampton case.

There have not been any further cases of direct action against the dairy industry since the matters set out above. Animal Rising have focused largely, although not exclusively, on animal-related sporting events in 2023, such as high-profile horse racing events, although there was at least one farming-related incident, where three Animal Rising activists entered the Appleton Farm on the Sandringham Estate, from which they removed three lambs without the permission of the owner of the animals.

However, the Claimants remain concerned that future acts of direct action and protest will occur. This is largely for a combination of the following reasons:

Therefore, the Claimants seek draft orders, with the same substantive restrictions as in the orders sought before and granted by Bacon J and Fancourt J, but for five years with annual review in respect of the element of the order relating to persons unknown.

It was explained to me, in response to a question that I asked during the hearing, that the website was changed around 10 days before the hearing, and that as part of this it removed reference to the specific plan to bring about a transition to a plant-based system by 2025. I asked for a witness statement to evidence the points that I was told of orally, and this was duly provided the next day. While I think it would have been desirable for this to be provided before the hearing started, I consider it appropriate to admit this in so that the duty of full and frank disclosure can be satisfied.

The website appears to have been revamped. As part of the description of Animal Rising’s activities, it states that “the key solution to these challenges [the challenges caused by the animal farming and fishing industries] is to support farming and fishing communities in the necessary and urgent transition to a sustainable and just plant-based food system”. The “How We Achieve It” section contains three routes. The first is “[b]y generating a national conversation on the need to transform our food system with bold and impactful campaigns”, the second is supporting local people to create change for themselves, and the third is building alliances with key stakeholders. There is a page on previous campaigns, which states under “2022 PLANT-BASED FUTURE” that those involved “successfully stopped the supply of milk to supermarkets across the South of England”.

Finally, I set out a summary of the evidence in relation to the remaining identified defendant who has- necessarily- not signed a consent order, namely the 40^th Defendant.

The 40^th Defendant appears to be female and have blue hair on the basis of a video taken of the 8 September incident at the Hatfield Site. There is video evidence of her trespassing on the Hatfield Site during the 8 September 2022 incident and filming the activities of the Animal Rebellion protestors. Such filming appears to have been carried out for Animal Rebellion, who post footage of their incidents on their website. In the video evidence, she is seen leaving the site by herself before arrests were made.

The injunction is sought to restrain:

I shall start with the requirements of (1), (2) and (3), and then deal with what must be shown in the present case to order (a) an injunction against the 40^th Defendant as an identified defendant and (b) against persons unknown.

Starting with trespass to land, that consists of any unjustifiable intrusion by one person upon land in the possession of another. No further elaboration is necessary for present purposes.

The Claimants submitted that deciding whether a trespass has occurred (or in the present case would or might occur in the future) does not involve any balancing of the Claimants’ rights to possession with the Defendants’ rights of expression or freedom of assembly under Articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (“ECHR”), because:

I accept that submission.

Article 10 provides as follows:

Article 11 provides as follows:

Article 1 of the First Protocol provides that:

The other provision to mention is section 12 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (“HRA”). Section 12(1) provides that section 12 applies if a Court is considering whether to grant any relief which, if granted, might affect the exercise of the ECHR right to freedom of expression, namely that in article 10. Where section 12 applies, then, among other things, the Court must have particular regard to the importance of the ECHR right to freedom of expression: section 12(4).

In DPP v Ziegler [2021] UKSC 23; [2022] AC 408, the Supreme Court endorsed at [58] the Divisional Court’s identification of the five questions that arise when an Article 10 or 11 right may be engaged, which was expressed in the following terms by the Divisional Court:

It is convenient to deal in this section on the legal principles with whether Articles 10 and 11 could justify a trespass in the present case. In my judgment, they could not, for the following reasons:

Therefore, as did Ritchie J in Valero Energy Limited v Persons Unknown [2024] EWHC 134 (KB), I do not consider that articles 10 and 11 provide any defence to what would otherwise constitute a trespass in the present case.

It was accepted by the Claimants that I should consider whether articles 10 and 11 are engaged here, whether as a result of considering whether section 12 of the HRA applies, and if so in having particular regard to the importance of the ECHR right to freedom of expression, or the Court’s duty as a public authority under section 6(1) of the HRA. Therefore, I do not need to consider that question further.

As in Ineos (above), the Claimants asked me to proceed on the basis that the same core principles applied to public nuisance and the criminal offence of obstructing the highway under section 137(1) of the Highways Act 1980. I am content to do so, and would expect the two to march hand in hand.

As explained at [65] of that judgment, for there to be an offence under section 137(1), it must be shown that:

The purposes for which a highway may be used are not limited to travelling. As Lord Irvine stated in DPP v Jones [1999] 2 AC 240 at 245G-255A:

A highway may be put to many other uses. It would be surprising if “two friends who meet in the street and stop to talk are committing a trespass; so too a group of children playing on the pavement outside their homes; so too charity workers collecting donations; or political activists handing out leaflets; and so too a group of Salvation Army singing hymns and addressing those who gather to listen”: [1999] AC 240 at 254F-G. Therefore, there is a right to peaceful assembly on the highway.

As Lord Reed explained in The Safe Access Zones Bill Reference [2022] UKC 32 at [22], the approach in Jones was, prior to the coming into force of the HRA, to use common law rights of freedom of speech and assembly as an important factor in assessing whether the use of the highway was reasonable. That would apply equally to section 137(1) as it would to the Public Order Act 1986 offence considered in Jones.

In Ziegler the Supreme Court considered the interaction of section 137(1) with Articles 10 and 11 in light of the coming into force of the HRA. The Court held that section 137 has to be read and given effect, in accordance with section 3 of the HRA, on the basis that the availability of the defence of lawful excuse, in a case raising issues under Articles 10 or 11, depends on a proportionality assessment, as the Divisional Court had considered.

Their Lordships in Ziegler adopted at [72] the non-exhaustive list of factors to consider when evaluating proportionality that had been set out by Lord Neuberger MR in City of London Corporation v Samede [2012] EWCA Civ 160 at [39]-[41]. Paraphrasing that content, those factors are:

In the Safe Access Zones Bill Reference case, Lord Reed, giving the judgment of the Court, considered that the Divisional Court in Ziegler should- before resorting to the special interpretative duty imposed by section 3 of the HRA- have considered whether the established interpretation of section 137, as stated for example by Lord Irvine in Jones, would result in a breach of Convention rights: [23]. However, given that the question of the need to apply in the context of section 137 the proportionality test set out in Ziegler was not before the Court, Lord Reed made no specific comment on it: [26].

What he did address was the comment in Ziegler at [59] that “[d]etermination of the proportionality of an interference with ECHR rights is a fact-sensitive enquiry which requires the evaluation of the circumstances in the individual case”. He stated that while this might be the useful position in a criminal trial of offences charged under section 137 where Article 9, 10 or 11 rights were engaged, if the section was interpreted as it was in Ziegler, that would not universally be the case: [28]-[29]. Questions of proportionality, particularly where they concerned the compatibility of a rule or policy with ECHR rights, are often decided as a matter of general principle, rather than on an evaluation of the circumstances of each individual case: [29]. Further, it is possible for a piece of legislation to ensure that its application in individual circumstances will meet the proportionality requirements under the ECHR without any need for evaluation of the circumstances in the individual case: [34].

Therefore, when a defendant relies on Article 9, 10 or 11 in the defence of a protest-related defence, the Court should- if those articles are engaged- consider whether the ingredients of the defence themselves strike the proportionality balance: [55]. If it considers that they do not strike such a balance, the Court’s duty under section 6 of the HRA is to consider whether there is a means by which the proportionality of a conviction can be ensured, whether through using the interpretative duty under section 3 in the case of construing the legislation creating a statutory offence or developing the common law where the offence arises at common law: [56]-[61].

In the present case, the Claimants accept, as explained above, that the requirements for public nuisance should be the same as those in section 137 of the Highways Act 1980. Therefore, on the face of it, the proportionality requirements set out in Ziegler would apply, and I consider that I should apply them given that Lord Reed made clear in Safe Access Zones Bill Reference that he was not specifically considering this point in the context of section 137.

The Claimants submit in relation to the injunction sought against persons unknown that it is not possible to apply the proportionality requirements under the ECHR to specific individual protestors because by definition the identity and circumstances of those individuals is not presently known. Rather at one should apply a proportionality test to the restrictions imposed by the draft order sought with future protests in mind. I accept that I should take the latter course.

As explained below, I consider that the order sought satisfies that test.

Lord Atkin explained this right with characteristic succinctness in Marshall v Blackpool Corporation [1935] AC 16 at 22:

An interference with the right is actionable without proof of loss, and if an interference does cause a loss, then damages can be obtained.

Taking the last part of the extract from Marshall above, in my judgment the key question here is the qualification of the right of access by the rights of the public. In Ineos Upstream Ltd v Persons Unknown [2017] EWHC 2945 (Ch), Morgan J considered at [107] the interaction of the adjoining landowner’s right of access to the highway with the protestors’ right to a reasonable use of the highway. He assumed in favour of the protestors that if they were carrying on a reasonable use of the highway which impacted on the rights of the claimants in that case to access the highway, that would not be an infringement of the right of access to the highway.

While Morgan J did not have to decide the point, because the claimants in that case put their case on the basis of public nuisance rather than the landowner’s right to access the highway, in my judgment that is correct and I should take the same approach here. The rights of the public include the right to reasonable use of the highway. Therefore, applying the principles set out in Marshall, a reasonable use of the highway by members of the public will not constitute unlawful interference with the adjoining landowner’s right to access the highway.

It was submitted by the Claimants that the decision of Julian Knowles J in High Speed Two (HS2) Limited v Four Categories of Persons Unknown & Monaghan & Others [2022] EWHC 2360 (KB) at [196] suggests that no balancing act is to be applied between the right to access the highway and the Article 10 and 11 rights of the defendants, because in a claim under this cause of action much, if not all, of the relevant protest is taking place on private land. I do not take Julian Knowles J to be going so far in [196]. Rather he simply put forward the fact that in the case before him much if not all of the protests had taken place on private land as being the first of three reasons why there was no unlawful interference with Articles 10 and 11 on the facts before him. Further, here, the Claimants rely on the obstruction of the highway, such as by protestors mounting and affixing themselves to vehicles on it, as future acts that would breach their right to access the highway, and that acts are not taking place on private land.

However, as set out below, I consider that the apprehended actions would amount to a violation of the Claimants’ right to access the highway whether or not such a balancing act is to be applied. Therefore, I do not consider it necessary to consider further the question of whether such a balancing act needs to be applied.

The test for a precautionary injunction against named defendants is as set out by Marcus Smith J in Vastint Leeds BV v Persons Unknown [2019] 4 WLR 2 at [31], as applied in Koninklijke Philips NV v Guandong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp Ltd [2022] EWHC 1703 (Pat) (Koninklijke’) and approved by the Court of Appeal in London Borough of Barking and Dagenham & Ors v Persons Unknown & Ors [2022] EWCA Civ 13 at [83]. That requires the following two questions to be asked and answered in the affirmative:

If those questions are answered in the affirmative, the Court will consider whether it is just and convenient to make the order as envisaged by section 37(1) of the Senior Courts Act 1981.

The Claimants submit that the test laid down in Wolverhampton has helpfully been summarised by Sir Anthony Mann in his recent decision in Jockey Club Racecourses Limited v Persons Unknown [2024] EWHC 1786 at [17]-[19], which also concerned Animal Rising. I agree and set out those paragraphs:

As comes through clearly from the above extracts, an injunction against persons unknown, who I shall refer to as “newcomers” as in Wolverhampton, is a novel exercise of an equitable discretionary power and therefore its limits and requirements must be carefully articulated and observed.

In my judgment, there is a strong probability that unless restrained by an injunction the 40^th Defendant will act in breach of the Claimants’ rights, and it is just and convenient that an injunction be ordered in the terms applied for by the Claimants.

I shall:

The cumulative reasons why I consider that question (1) should be answered in the affirmative are as follows:

I have considered specifically whether the absence of acts against Arla since September 2022 suggests that further incidents of direct action against Arla are unlikely, or at least means that there is not a strong probability of them in the event of me declining to grant the injunction.

However, I consider that the features above, taken in combination, suggest that there is a strong probability.

I do not consider that the change to the website shortly before the hearing affects this. It does not indicate a shift in the views of Animal Rising towards the dairy industry, one would not expect such a shift, and Animal Rising knew of the impending Court date at the time the website was changed so I am reluctant to regard it as indicating a significant shift in their intended plans. Further, the first route stated in the current version of the website for achieving change is “[b]y generating a national conversation on the need to transform our food system with bold and impactful campaigns”, which wording seems to me to encompass direct action to disrupt the supply of dairy and food that is reliant on animals.

I have also taken into account in this regard that the Leeds Site has not been the subject of action to date.

I consider that these anticipated actions would be in breach of the Claimants’ rights.

Some of the past action occurred in the Sites themselves, and therefore amounted to trespass, and I would expect that to be repeated in the future.

As far as public nuisance is concerned:

I consider that the past actions and the anticipated future actions would also violate the Claimants’ rights as adjoining landowners to access the highway. The Claimants were blocked from accessing the highway for a significant period and this would likely be the intended aim of future action. For the reasons set out in relation to public nuisance, in my judgment the Claimants’ actions do not constitute a reasonable use of the highway so as to legitimately qualify on the facts the Claimants’ rights to access the highway, and this is consistent with the 40^th Defendant’s Article 10 and 11 rights.

Turning to whether it is just and convenient to grant an injunction, I have taken into account the reasons set out in paragraph 107(4) above.

Further, future action would cause financial harm to Arla that it would be difficult to redress, given the difficulty in seeking and enforcing effective recompense from the protestors individually. Moreover, climbing onto structures and lorries or entering the highway to stop lorries poses a risk of physical harm to staff or the protestors. The Claimants have taken a number of steps to seek to mitigate the harm, such as investing in future security, but the serious risk of significant future financial loss and the above risk of physical harm remains.

Therefore, it would be difficult for the Claimants to undo after the fact harm suffered through future pieces of direct action.

For these reasons taken collectively, I consider it just and convenient to grant an injunction in the terms sought.

I have considered whether anything in section 12(2) or (3) of the HRA should cause me not to order an injunction. The Claimants properly put this point before me. Section 12 is engaged where the Court is considering whether to grant any relief which might affect the exercise of the ECHR right to freedom of expression. Section 12(2) provides that if the respondent is not present or represented, no such relief should be granted unless the Court is satisfied that the applicant has taken all practicable steps to notify the respondent, or that there are compelling reasons why the respondent should not be notified. Section 12(3) provides that no such relief is to be granted to restrain publication before trial unless the Court is satisfied that the applicant is likely to establish that publication should not be allowed. Taking section 12(2) first, I am satisfied that the applicant has done all practicable to notify the respondent, through trying to ascertain her identity and through the alternative service routes.

As for section 12(3), the order does not restrain the 40^th Defendant publishing her views. Rather restricts where she may express her views. Therefore, as in Shell UK Oil Products Ltd v Persons Unknown [2022] EWHC 1215 (QB), where Johnson J considered the limits of the concept of ‘publication’ in some detail at [66]-[76], it does not appear to me that section 12(3) is engaged. Further and in any case, (a) this is a final order against the 40^th Defendant, so section 12(3) has no application for that reason too, and (b) in any case, in my judgment any interference with “publication” is proportionate and justified for the reasons set out in paragraph 107(4) above.

The order sought against the named Defendants is final, so in my judgment no further cross-undertaking in damages should be required.

I have considered carefully and applied the requirements in [167] of Wolverhampton, as expanded upon later in the judgment in the way summarised by Sir Anthony Mann in Jockey Club. The relevant newcomers in this case are those persons unknown within the classes set out in the description of the first to sixth defendants.

I have set out above the strong probability of the future disruption to their business absent an injunction, coupled with the effects on others set out above, from future unlawful acts of trespass, public nuisance and interference with the Claimants’ right of access to the highway. As Sir Anthony Mann explained in Jockey Club at [18], the threat must be real and imminent, and imminent means in this context “not premature” rather than immediate. This chimes with the approach of Julian Knowles J in his HS2 decision at [176]-[177]. As he explained at [176], “[a]s the authorities make clear, the terms ‘real’ and ‘imminent’ are to be judged in context and the court’s overall task is to do justice between the parties and to guard against prematurity”. I am satisfied for the reasons set out above that there is a real and imminent risk if I do not grant an injunction of further direct action occurring.

There are a number of reasons why the Claimants have sought an order against persons unknown rather than limit the order to named or otherwise specifically identified defendants, and in my judgment they are compelling ones:

Similarly, given the difficulty in identifying the membership of Animal Rising, its fluctuating membership and the presence of like-minded protest groups, in my judgment there is also a compelling reason not to limit the definition of persons unknown to those who are members of Animal Rising.

As explained above, the Claimants have put in place significant security measures at their Sites, and sought to improve them after the September 2022 incidents. It is not realistic to suppose these will completely prevent future action, and nor would sensible levels of policing or the use of byelaws.

The harm that could be caused by future unlawful acts is serious, consistent with the intended purpose of such action being to significantly disrupt the supply of dairy products.

Taking these reasons for relief together with the limits of the restrictions imposed by the injunction explained above, in my judgment there is a compelling justification for the remedy.

As in relation to the injunction against identified persons, I have considered whether anything in section 12(2) or (3) of the HRA should cause me not to order such an injunction. In my judgment, there are compelling reasons why the persons unknown cannot be notified before the order is made before the alternative service of the previous documents, such as by posting on the Claimants’ site or by notices put at the perimeter of the Sites, as their identity is not known. In any event they will be notified insofar as is practicable through the alternative service routes after the order is made. In my judgment, s.12(3) is not violated for similar reasons to those set out in paragraph 111 above. The order does not restrain what can be published, so section 12(3) is not engaged, and even if it is, the acts apprehended are unlawful and interfere significantly with the rights at others, so I am satisfied that the Claimants are likely to obtain the relief sought at a final hearing (if there was one).

The Claimants have complied with this duty, including drawing to my attention a number of points that may be taken against their position. I have dealt above with the update to the Animal Rising website.

Further, the evidence has satisfied this requirement, and as far I can see has been careful not to overstate the position.

In my judgment the order sought does so. The means of identification are in the same form as the orders previously granted by Bacon J and Fancourt J. As summarised at paragraph 40 above, the qualifying conditions for falling into the category of respondents are clear and precise, and focus on carrying out particular acts of interference with the Sites and access to them, such as affixing themselves or any items to any of the relevant roads for the purpose of disrupting vehicle access to the Sites and protesting, to take one example.

The Claimants seek orders in the same substantive form as granted previously, subject to the temporal limits set out below. Those orders were, and the present order sought is, clearly drafted. The Claimants have not gone further, despite the breaches of the order, and the order sought allows for peaceful protest in the manner set out in paragraph 107(3) above. Rather it focuses on particular acts that would disrupt the Claimants’ operations at the Sites. Therefore, I am satisfied that it does not go beyond the minimum necessary to achieve its purpose.

As in the Jockey Club case, I agree that the one year period that the Supreme Court thought prima facie appropriate in Travellers cases is too short to deal with a campaign such as that of the animal rights activists. That can readily be seen from the fact that incidents have already occurred in 2020, 2021 and 2022. However, given those annual events in my judgment an annual review is more appropriate in case the position changes in the interim, as has been sought by the Claimants, and as was ordered in the Jockey Club case. The annual review will allow a continued assessment of whether circumstances have changed so as make the continuation of the injunction appropriate and the five year maximum adds an appropriate end-point. In my judgment, it would not be appropriate to require the Claimants to incur the costs of applying each year for a new or renewed injunction. Rather the review should be of whether the position has developed since the last review.

The territorial extent of the order is clearly set out in the maps and plans annexed to it. It is broadly limited to the roads immediately surrounding the sites, and the Claimants have not sought to include the larger roads such as the A41 to which they lead, and some of which were blocked by the earlier actions. Similarly, they have not sought to include their other dairy-related sites beyond the Sites, despite the breaches of the original injunctions order made. Therefore, I am satisfied that there is a strict territorial limit.

In my judgment, it has. The documents in the claim, including notice of this hearing, have been served on the named defendants and persons unknown in accordance with the alternative service orders made. The methods of service have included e-mail, posting on the Claimants’ social media pages and notices at the Sites.

In my judgment it is. There are a number of routes specified in the alternative service provisions of the orders granted to date by Bacon J and Fancourt J, which in my view remain appropriate, including notices at the premises and e-mail.

In my judgment, they have, because the order sought provides for the ability to apply to vary or discharge the Order on 48 hours’ notice.

Given that the order only prohibits acts that are in any event unlawful or highly likely to be unlawful, in my judgment as in Jockey Club it is not necessary for the Claimants to provide a cross-undertaking in respect of the injunction against newcomers.

I therefore grant the orders sought.