Turks Shipyard Ltd v November, The Owners Of The Vessel

This claim arises out of work performed by the Claimant to the vessel “NOVEMBER” at its yard in Chatham. The Claimant is a family owned business which operates at the Historic Dockyard at Chatham (“the yard”). Its managing director is Mr Richard Turk.

The “NOVEMBER” (“the vessel”) is a swim end barge built during the 1940s which was, as is not disputed, initially acquired and owned by Mr Fitzsimons. Mr Otero acquired a half share from Mr Fitzsimons in 2017. The evidence before the court is that those two gentlemen were and still are the owners of the barge. However Mr Otero, who has entered an acknowledgment of service as owner and has been added as the Third Defendant in these proceedings, has questioned whether that is the true situation and it will need to be considered further below.

The Second Defendant is a company named Clean Marine Limited (“CML”). At the material times, Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons were directors and shareholders of that company although it became apparent that Mr Otero is no longer a director as there was a change of the control of the company in 2019. The evidence as to whether Mr Fitzsimons is still a shareholder or officer of the company is not clear. A third director of CML was apparently Purpose Venture Capital Ltd, a company registered in Jersey. As will appear below other persons, including a Mr Page and a Mr Tempest appear to have taken over control of either CML or the “November Project”.

Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons are supporters of projects which support environmental awareness and sustainability. In particular they proposed or created the “November Project” through which they planned to moor a vessel on the River Thames near to Westminster together with a hydroelectric wheel. This was intended to be used as an educational conference centre to promote environmental awareness amongst those at Westminster. It was intended that CML would be the vehicle through which funds from investors in the November Project would be channelled and it appears that Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons intended that CML would manage the project. They decided that the barge “NOVEMBER” would be converted and utilised as the relevant vessel to be moored in the Thames. As such she would become a ‘Floating Establishment’ and would need to comply with the terms of the Port of London Authority which apparently indicated that the vessel would need to comply with the certification rules for a Floating Establishment laid down by the Classification Society, Bureau Veritas (“BV”).

For this purpose Messrs Houlder Limited (“Houlder”) were instructed to carry out a survey and prepare a conversion specification. This was completed in September 2017 whereupon it became clear that a considerable amount of work needed to be done in order to satisfy the certificating society, BV, that the barge was safe for the purpose intended. Mr Mark Beck, of Houlder, provided a specification for the work and has stated that the owners of the barge, Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero instructed Turks Shipyard to undertake the works detailed in the conversion specification that Houlder had prepared. On the 1^st February 2018 Houlder were instructed by Mr Otero to oversee the work being performed by Turks Shipyard and to liaise with BV.

In December 2017 an agreement was made between the Claimant and CML by which the Claimant undertook to drydock the barge and thereafter complete work to the barge at specified and agreed rates. What was agreed in writing was a weekly rate for drydocking of £1,500, welding rates at £32 per hour and shot blasting at £25 per square meter. The documents included a booking form, the Claimant’s terms and conditions together with a list of the Claimant’s charges. There was an exchange of emails which, with the booking form, formed the basis of the contract for the Claimant to do the proposed work. However no fixed price was agreed for work to be performed because, at the initial stage, it was uncertain as to the totality of the work required until the barge was dry-docked and further inspected. In these circumstances the vessel was drydocked so that preparation

The vessel was delivered to the yard in February 2018. After the delivery preparation work was authorised and carried out in February 2018. This work was set out in invoice number 604 which was paid in full. However further work was carried out by the Claimant after the 12^th March 2018 which is at the heart of this dispute. The claim for that work and incidental costs amounts to £106,220.60 plus interest.

On the 1^st March 2018 there was a “kick-off meeting” at the yard attended, inter alia, by Mr Richard Turk, Mr Fitzsimons, Mr Otero, a representative of BV and Mr. Beck of Houlder. It is the Claimant’s case that at the meeting it was instructed to perform the following work to the vessel: (i) welding up rivets; (ii) cutting out and replacing new sections which had been inserted at Isleworth shipyard (as it was apparent that such work had not been adequately performed at Isleworth); (iii) cutting out and replacing the bow swim end of the vessel; (iv) cutting out and replacing the stern swim end of the vessel; (v) cutting out and replacing the heavily pitted port side section of the vessel; (vi) cropping out and replacing bottom transverse sections which were cracked; (vii) removing doublers fitted.

It is to be noted that this work, which is identified in the minutes of the meeting disclosed, is consistent with the conversion specification provided by Houlder. According to the evidence of Mr Beck: “The vessel NOVEMBER was inspected and the extent of the hull renewals (particularly the renewal of the swim ends, side shell inserts and welding of the rivet heads) was agreed by all the parties at the ‘Kick off’ meeting on 1 March 2018, namely Houlder Limited, Agamemnon Otero, Jay Fitzsimons, Turks Shipyard and Bureau Veritas”. Further he has stated that that work was carried out by the Claimant to a professional standard and to the satisfaction of BV. According to Mr Beck an issue arose with respect to the vessel’s superstructure and main deck which needed to be replaced. That is recorded in the Minutes of the meeting. Apparently Houlder were instructed by Mr Otero to prepare drawings for this work and Turks provided a cost estimate. Mr Turk has stated that he sent to Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons a quotation for the complete works including superstructure, decks and interior welding on the 22^nd March 2018. Mr Beck has stated that, due to lack of funding, the yard was not instructed to perform the further work.

According to Mr Otero also on the 22^nd March 2018, following a conversation with Mr Turk, a further reduced estimate was provided, ‘The option B costings’, which essentially dealt with completing the work already started and doing other associated work. It is to be noted that these costs were provided for “getting the boat to float out in order to sell in the most economical way”. The steel work was quoted as being £59,400, the paintwork of £10,225 in epoxy or £3,948 in bitumen. The work was estimated to take 6 weeks with dock fees of £1,500 per week (ie.£9,000). Mr Turk’s email finishes with the sentence “Look forward to hearing from you on whether to continue as planned or whether its minimum repair and remove from the yard quick”. The work referred to at the Kick off meeting commenced on the 12^th March 2018. Mr Turk has stated that the work continued through March 2018. On the 29^th March 2018 Mr Turk sent a more detailed breakdown of the cost including the work to be performed on the deck and superstructure which was sent to all interested parties.

There is some confusion as to precisely what occurred thereafter. According to Mr Otero, on the 29^th March 2018, he telephoned Mr Turk and requested him to stop all work on the vessel to which, according to Mr Otero, Mr Turk agreed. Mr Turk’s witness statement refers to receiving an email from Mr Otero on the 30^th March 2018. That email is in evidence and requests “please postpone all new works until we have agreed formally”(emphasis added). In his witness statement Mr Turk says that he telephoned Mr Otero on the 31^st March 2018 and they discussed the situation. Mr Turk told Mr Otero that various works had been commenced and they had to be completed in order to make the vessel watertight so as to be floated out. According to Mr Turk it was explained that this was necessary to allow his business to continue. Mr Turk states that Mr Otero accepted that and agreed that works had to be completed and that Mr Otero would cover the cost of this and that, during the conversation, Mr Otero stated that he would try to get his investors to support the project once again.

This situation apparently arose because the participants in the November Project were concerned about the increasing costs of the work, and Mr Otero needed to have written confirmation as to the works to be carried out so as to obtain further finance. That is apparent from the emails between, inter alia, Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons sent on the 29^th and 30^th March which indicate that there had been an investors meeting on the 29^th March

From Mr Turk’s evidence and the emails in evidence it is clear that the Claimant and Mr Otero and other investors continued to communicate and, on occasions, meet until July 2018. During that period Mr Otero expressed his satisfaction with the work which had been carried out to the vessel and informed Mr Turk that he was continuing his efforts to obtain investment in the project. On the 1^st May 2018 BV informed Mr Turk and Houlder that the society would not approve Mr Turk’s more economic version of the works. Mr Turk informed Mr Otero. Also on the 1^st May 2018 a Mr Richard Page, who was an investor in the project, emailed Mr Turk congratulating him on the work performed. On the 4^th June 2018 Mr Otero emailed Mr Turk requesting the latest invoice and stating that there was an intention to continue the work later in that month. On the 12^th June 2018 Mr Otero sent an email to Mr Turk acknowledging the receipt of the invoices. It is noteworthy in these communications there is no suggestion that the work performed by the Claimant was not authorised, was exaggerated or should not be paid. On the contrary,

The work claimed for is itemised in invoice number 736 (amounting to £91,230.60) which despite the assurances of payment remains unpaid. In addition the Claimant painted the vessel before it was finally re-floated. That work is claimed for in the sum of £11,670 which is set out in Invoice number 778 rendered on the 12^th September 2018. In addition the Claimant claims for storage/mooring fees for the vessel on a monthly basis from August 2018 to January 2019.

The primary areas of dispute are: (a) who was the contracting party or parties in respect of the docking and work performed to the vessel, (b) whether the work performed was authorised, and (c) the reasonableness of the costs put forward by the Claimant. Issue (a) is central to the contention made by Mr Du, acting for Mr Otero, that the court has no jurisdiction to consider this claim by reason of the provisions of section 21(4) of the Senior Courts Act 1981.

Mr Stephen Du, counsel for the Third Defendant, made the following submissions inviting the claim against Mr Otero to be dismissed:

The minutes of 1^st March 2018 referred to the attendees as “Clean Marine

The invoices no.604 (5^th March 2018), no.736 (25^th May 2018) and no.778

It is to be noted that CML have not appeared at the trial. This absence was explained in a letter addressed to the Court by CML’s solicitors dated the 24^th June 2019 which stated that CML does not have the finances to take part in the proceedings. That letter also explains that CML has been under different directorial management since February 2019, that Mr Otero was previously a director of CML but has been removed from that office and that, although he is still a director, Mr Fitzsimons will be removed as a director. It is also apparent from the letter that Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons are now in dispute as to the matters arising from the November Project. In addition a witness statement made by Mr Brannan Tempest dated the 24^th June 2019 has been filed with the Court. In that Mr Tempest states that he has been a director of CML since February 2019. He states that he is the current CEO of CML. He states that the true ownership of the vessel is as set out in CML’s Defence and that the ownership remained with Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero at all material times. Mr Tempest also asserts that there has been a breakdown of relations between CML and Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero and the exhibits to his witness statement clearly support this conclusion. In addition Mr Tempest asserts that, insofar as the contract with or instructions given to the Claimant are concerned, Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero were acting in their capacities as owners of the vessel rather than as officers of CML. The thrust of Mr Tempest’s case is that CML are not liable for the outstanding sums claimed.

For the Claimant Mr Neil Henderson has made submissions on the following aspects:

Jurisdiction. Mr Henderson has submitted:

With respect to the witnesses Mr Henderson has submitted that the evidence of Mr Beck, Mr Crispin and Mr Turk is to be preferred over that of Mr Otero who was evasive and argumentative and whose evidence was inconsistent, in particular with regard to whether he saw shot-blasting being performed and as to when he instructed Mr Turk to stop work.

The contracting parties. On this aspect Mr Henderson has submitted:

The instructions and the work undertaken. Mr Henderson has submitted:

The possessory lien. Mr Henderson has submitted that, as an alternative, the Claimant is entitled to a declaration that the Claimant has validly exercised a ship repairer’s possessory lien and that it would be appropriate for the court to make an order for the sale of the vessel. In this respect he has contended:

Mr. Otero has provided a witness statement. From that it appeared that the essence of his case is that, with the exception of investigative work, the work performed by the Claimant to the vessel was not authorised, that he was a director of CML but never intended to instruct the Claimant or enter into contractual relations with the Claimant for or on behalf of the owners of the vessel so that the owners of the vessel are not liable to the Claimant for any work done. Mr Otero also gave oral evidence during the course of which I consider that he was evasive, disingenuous and argumentative. I consider that Mr Otero was a most unsatisfactory witness whose primary purpose was to deflect liability away from the owners of the vessel, particularly himself as a part owner of the vessel, and to seek to reduce the quantum of any such liability by any argument which he perceived was available to him. As such I consider that his evidence was largely self serving and, insofar as there was factual dispute, is not to be relied upon as being reliable or true.

By contrast I found Mr Turk came to court as a truthful witness whose evidence could generally be relied upon.

Mr Beck was originally instructed by Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero but his evidence was supportive of the Claimant’s case. He gave clear and impartial evidence and was clearly a witness of truth whose evidence could be relied upon.

Mr Peter Crispin also gave evidence as to matters which he personally observed and which were within his own knowledge. I accept that he was a witness of truth whose evidence can be relied upon. It is to be noted that his second inspection of the vessel was made in May 2019 in conjunction with Robert Bingham Yacht Surveys, appointed by CML. It is apparent that both Robert Bingham and Mr Tempest expressed satisfaction with the standard of the work performed by the Claimant.

The matrix underlying the instructions given to the yard. The intention of those involved in the November Project was to obtain PLA permission to use the vessel as a conference and demonstration centre moored in the River Thames. The PLA required that the vessel was brought to a standard which would comply with the standards set by a classification society, in this case BV. For that purpose the agreement was entered into with the Claimant for the vessel to be drydocked and preliminary work carried out. From the email sent by Mr Fitzsimons to Houlder on the 12^th February 2018 it can be seen that those in charge of the vessel were keen “to get things moving”.

Mr Turk’s evidence was that: “The ‘kick-off’ meeting was held on the 1^st March 2018. In attendance were Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero, me, the representatives from Houlder Limited and representatives from Bureau Veritas. At this comprehensive meeting, the entire project was discussed in detail including the scope and specifics of the necessary works.”

Mr Beck, of Houlder has stated that Houlder was appointed to survey the vessel, provide a specification, liaise with BV and to oversee the Turks Shipyard works being undertaken in accordance with the conversion specification. He has also stated: “The owners of the barge, Jay Fitzsimons and Mr Otero, instructed Turks Shipyard to undertake the works detailed in the conversion specification that Houlder Limited had prepared” and “The vessel ‘NOVEMBER’ was inspected and the extent of the of the hull renewals (particularly the renewal of the swim ends, side shell inserts and welding of the of the rivet heads) was agreed by all the parties at the ‘Kick off’ meeting on 1 March 2018, namely Houlder Limited, Agamemnon Otero, Jay Fitzsimons, Turks Shipyard and Bureau Veritas.”

In his witness statement Mr Crispin has listed the items he identified, in his survey of the 3^rd September 2018, as having been completed by the Claimant. The work to the bow end, the stern end, insert repairs to port and starboard plating and work to reweld the rivets was clearly carried out. These are the works which are identified in the minutes of the 1^st March meeting as items 1.4, 1.5, 3.1, 3.5 and in the photos 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 to be replaced by the Claimant.

Whilst the minutes refer to items which were left over for further consideration it is clear that there was, at the 1^st March 2018 meeting, agreement that the works referred to and performed by the Claimant were authorised for completion. Mr Otero’s contention that the work carried out by the Claimant had not been authorised by himself and/or Mr Fitzsimons cannot be accepted as true.

That view is materially supported by the contemporaneous behaviour of Mr Otero and other persons interested in the November project. The significant feature is that at no time between the 1^st March 2018 and the survey performed for CML in May 2019 is there any suggestion that the work performed by the Claimant and contained in invoice No.736 was not authorised. On the contrary the contemporaneous emails indicate that the work should be paid for.

Further I do not accept Mr Du’s submission that Mr Otero’s failure to complain immediately after Mr Turk’s emails of the 19^th March and 22^nd March reported on the work being done “means very little”.

There is a dispute as to what occurred over this period.

For the above reasons I conclude that the Claimant was authorised to undertake the work commenced after the 1^st March 2018 and completed after the 30^th March 2018. That was the work set out in invoice no.736. Mr Otero sought to argue that the sums put forward were not reasonable and that there was no requirement to replace so many rivets. However Mr Beck has expressed the view that the work was necessary and the costs reasonable. Further the evidence given by Mr Crispin was that the work was properly performed and the price was reasonable and, although the vessel was surveyed on behalf of CML in May 2019 no evidence to the contrary was put before the court. It is also to be noted that others interested in the November Project, namely Mr Page and Mr Fitzsimons, exchanged emails on the 19^th and 20^th July in which they expressed the view that the Claimant should be paid. In my view Mr Otero’s argument was another disingenuous attempt to reduce the claim based upon a non-existent foundation.

This is invoiced in the sum of £11,670 inclusive of VAT in the invoice no 778. It was envisaged as long ago as 20^th December 2017 that the vessel would need to be painted and that the price would depend upon the paint specification used. This was also referred to at the 1^st March meeting and appears in the minutes. A quotation was provided by the Claimant in the email dated the 22^nd March 2018 amounting to £10,225 for epoxy or £3,948 for bitumen. I understand that these are excluding VAT. It is interesting to note that the email was written in the context of an enquiry as to whether it would be possible to reduce the scope of the work and re-float the vessel in the most economic way. This it was always intended that the vessel would be painted once the Claimant’s work had been completed and before the vessel would be re-floated. In late August 2018 Mr Crispin recognised that painting was necessary and on the 2^nd May 2019 he saw that the hull had been applied with epoxy before it was re-floated. He has stated: “This was necessary as, if the hull had not been coated before refloating it would not have been protected and corrosion would develop.” On the 19^th July 2018 Mr Page stated what needed to be done which included paying the Claimant outstanding sums “plus money to paint . . . so she can be refloated”. Mr Fitzsimons agreed in his email dated the 20^th July 2018. The evidence is therefore that the majority of persons involved recognised what is, in any event, quite obvious that it was essential to paint the vessel before she was returned to the water. Failure to do so would have resulted in corrosion and the undoing of the work already performed. In my view it was not only reasonable but essential that the painting was performed and further that the cost invoiced is reasonable.

Mr Du has submitted that “Although this is an in rem claim the dispute is fundamentally about a breach of contract. This is because the claim is a quasi in rem claim (and not a true in rem claim), and the Admiralty Court has in rem jurisdiction in this case only to the extent that there is an in personam claim against Mr Otero.”.

The relevant provisions of the of the Senior Courts Act 1981 are:

Thus Mr Du argues that what he refers to as a quasi in rem claim will only lie where there is a cause of action in personam against the owners of the vessel in contrast to what he described as a ‘true’ in rem claim.’ His argument is that since the persons who entered into the agreement for the repairs with the claimant were Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons acting on behalf of CML it was CML which is the entity which is liable in personam and not the owners of the vessel who were Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons. Therefore he argues the owners cannot be held liable for the claim or, I think more accurately, he argues that the statutory procedure in rem by which judgment may be given in rem may not be exercised to permit judgment to be ordered in respect of the vessel nor to allow the vessel to be appraised and sold by the court.

The principles relating to statutory rights of action in rem. In Chapter 3 of Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice 5^th Ed. the learned authors have engaged in a very interesting consideration of the distinctions between actions in rem where a maritime lien is involved, which they refer to as true in rem claims, and where there is a statutory right of action in rem which they refer to as ‘quasi in rem claims’ (apparently adapting the terminology used in American Admiralty Law according to Dr Frank Wiswall). For present purposes it is sufficient to say that the main difference is that a true in rem claim is brought against the res although the owner of the property is indirectly impleaded, see The Parlement Belge (1880) LR 5PD 197 (CA) per Brett LJ. Where owners enter an appearance (now acknowledge service) the claim becomes in personam (save that if the owners, such as a foreign state, wish to challenge the procedure they may ‘appear under protest’). However in the case of a quasi in rem claim the learned authors consider it is not a claim against the ship itself, although it takes that form, but is in truth a claim against the owner of the ship at the time when it is commenced but one which requires the in personam defendant to be the owner of the ship when the claim form is issued. “The defendant is sued, but he is sued through service on the ship”. As the editors observe the advantages of this procedure are that (i) it allows security for the claim to be obtained and (ii) it establishes jurisdiction. However there are other procedural peculiarities which arise: the judgment has to be obtained by proving it in court, summary judgment is not available, persons other than the defendant who may have an interest in the res may defend the claim. However these characteristics are only significant whilst the claim remains in rem because once the defendant has acknowledged service the claim will also proceed in personam. In The Tatry [1992] 2 Lloyds Rep 552 it was held that once an acknowledgment of service has been filed the claim does not lose its in rem character but proceeds as being both in rem and in personam. In The Gemma [1899] it was held that the owners who had entered an appearance became personally liable and that payment of the unsatisfied balance of the judgment could be recovered by a writ of fieri facias, also The August 8 [1983] 2 AC 450.

The jurisdiction of the Admiralty Court is to entertain any claim for repairs or storage of a vessel. That is conferred by s.20(1)(a) and 20(2)(n) of the Senior Courts Act 1981. Section 21 is concerned with the “mode of exercise” of that jurisdiction. In the present case the claim form was issued, served and the vessel arrested. The Admiralty Court clearly has jurisdiction in the present claim arising under s. 20 of the 1981 Act. As is usual in a claim in rem the claim was brought against the owners and it was exercised pursuant to section 21(4) of the Act.

The case raised by Mr Otero challenges the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the claim. CPR Part 11 provides that a party who wishes to dispute the jurisdiction of the court or argue that the court should not exercise its discretion may apply to the court for an order declaring that it has no such jurisdiction. An application under this rule must be made within 14 days after filing the acknowledgment of service and be supported by evidence. If the defendant who files an acknowledgment of service does not within 14 days make an application with respect to jurisdiction then he is to be treated as having accepted that the court has jurisdiction to try the claim. In the present case Mr Otero acknowledged service but although the form has a tick box to indicate if he wished to dispute jurisdiction that has not been ticked and the form only states that he intends to defend the claim.

In many cases the claimant may not know the precise details of the owner of the vessel to be arrested and may be entitled to assume that the instructions given to him are given by a person acting for and on behalf of the actual owners of the vessel itself. It may also be regarded as an implied term of any agreement entered into between a repair yard and the person or entity giving him instructions that that entity has authority to act, see Tappenden v Artus [1964] 2 QB 185 (CA). In these circumstances there is nothing improper in the Claimant seeking to invoke the procedure under s. 21(4) of the Senior Court Act and if no person acknowledges service then the claimant may apply to the Court for a judgment in default and proceed to request the court to make an order for appraisement and sale so that, if sufficient funds are available the Claimant may recover the sums claimed. The authorities referred to make it clear that if a person files an acknowledgment of service as owner of the vessel then although the claim continues in rem it also allows the claim to continue in rem against that person or entity who may therefore become subject to liability in personam.

It seems to me that the situation is analogous to a position where sovereign immunity arises such as in the case of The Cristina [1938] AC 485 (HL). In that case Lord Wright said: “The writ by its express terms commands the defendants to appear or let judgment go by default. They are given a clear alternative of either submitting to the jurisdiction or losing possession. In the words of Brett LJ the independent sovereign is thus called upon to sacrifice either its property or its independence. It is, I think, clear that no such writ can be upheld against the sovereign state unless it consents. It is therefore given the right, if it desires neither to appear nor to submit to judgment, to appear under protest and apply to set aside the writ or take other appropriate procedure with the same object. It may be said that it is indirectly impleaded, but I incline to think that it is more direct to say that it is directly impleaded. The defendants cited ‘all persons claiming an interest in the Cristina, a description which precisely covers on the facts of the case the Spanish Government . . . under the modern and statutory form of a writ in rem, a defendant who appears becomes subject to liability in personam. Thus the writ in rem becomes in effect also a writ in personam.” Thus a party who seeks to contest a claimant’s right to recover may invoke the procedure set out in CPR Part 11 to challenge the court’s jurisdiction but if it does not then it ought not to be able to invoke arguments based upon jurisdiction to challenge the claimant’s claim.

In my view the proper procedure was for Mr Otero to have applied for an order setting aside the warrant of arrest and having failed to do so is not now entitled to argue that the court cannot exercise jurisdiction in the present claim.

Neither side addressed the considerations raised above. Mr Du chose to argue the case upon the basis that he raised his arguments by way of defence to the claim made and Mr Henderson responded to that case. Out of deference to the diligence of both counsel and, in case I am wrong upon the procedural point referred to above, I consider that I should consider the parties’ arguments and come to a conclusion based upon them. The argument made by Mr Du is based upon the premise that the ownership of the vessel remained throughout with Mr Fitzsimons and Mr Otero notwithstanding Mr Otero’s evidence that both he and Mr Fitzsimons intended to transfer the ownership to CML and that this was evidenced by Mr Otero’s email dated the 25^th October 2017 which was sent to his fellow investors in CML. In fact the sale to CML was never executed and Mr Otero filed an acknowledgment of service as owner of the vessel however the Court is entitled to investigate both the legal and beneficial interests in the vessel. The declaration contained

It is an essential ingredient of Mr Du’s argument that CML were acting wholly on their own behalf and that Mr Otero and Mr Fitzsimons were acting solely for CML when the negotiations were entered into with Mr Turk, when the agreement was reached about the yard’s rates and when the meeting of the 1^st March 2018 took place and, as I have found, there was agreement as to work to be performed by the Claimant. Mr Du submitted that the construction of the agreement is an exercise in contractual interpretation and that the legal test is what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have agreed upon the basis of the written documents and the communications which passed to and from the yard. I agree but would add that the principles referred to by Lord Hoffman in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd. v West Bromwich Building Society[1997] UKHL 28. [1998] 1 WLR 896, 1998] 1 All ER 98 are also applicable particularly what a reasonable person having all the background knowledge would have understood and the background which includes anything in the 'matrix of fact' that could affect the meaning of the contract.

It is common ground that the written element of the agreement only mentions CML. It is further Mr Otero’s evidence that, insofar as he and Mr Fitzsimons involvement is concerned, they were only ever acting as directors of CML and not as owners of the vessel. The underlying issue is whether CML was acting with the authority of the owners. Mr Du’s case is that is not what occurred and therefore CML could not have entered into the agreements for the work on behalf of the owners nor could it be said that a term should be implied into the agreements to the effect that they had such authority as referred to in Tappenden v Artus.

Mr Du has submitted that there is no absolute legal rule that contracts for repairs must be with the shipowners and that there will be cases where it is appropriate for a yard to contract personally with someone other than the owners, for example a bareboat charterer. However in such cases there will be a contract between the owners and the charterers which provides that the charterers either may or should carry out repairs to a vessel although in such cases s.21(4) specifically provides that the claimant’s right to bring an action in rem is maintained. In the present case there is no evidence that there was any agreement with the owners of the vessel which effectively provided that a third party might enter into such an agreement without the authority of the owners. The background of this case is that those involved in the November Project which included Mr Otero, Mr Fitzsimons and CML were well aware that the type of work to be performed by the yard involved rebuilding large portions of the hull and superstructure and I find it incredible that they could, if they had given the matter thought, have considered that it was proper for them to contract with the yard to perform these works without the authority of the actual owners of the vessel. In my view that conclusion is supported by Mr Otero’s statement to the court in evidence that: “CM entered into contract with yard on behalf of the barge owners whoever the barge owners were.”

In fact I do not believe that anyone involved did consider this issue at the appropriate time. That is why it is appropriate to consider the question upon the basis of what a reasonable person would have understood had he been asked at the relevant time or times. In my judgment the answer is obvious. Such a person would have responded to the effect that: ‘Of course such works could not be performed to the vessel without the authority of its owners’. Therefore either CML were acting as agents for an undisclosed principal or, as an alternative, it was an implied term of the agreement that the contractors had the authority of the owners to enter into such an agreement. In this respect it is interesting to note that in his witness statement Mr Beck stated: “The owners of the barge Jay Fitzsimons and Agamemnon Otero, instructed Turks Shipyard to undertake the works detailed in the conversion specification that Houlder Limited had repaired”. He is a project director of a company which is an independent design and engineering consultancy serving the marine, offshore and defence markets. It was clearly his understanding that whatever may have been the contractual nuances nonetheless the final responsibility and liability for the works would remain with the owners. If that were not the case it would allow owners of vessels to escape the effects of s.21(4) of the Senior Courts Act which is clearly intended to give builders and repairers of vessels protection against the non payment of invoices. In my view, Mr Otero’s statement to the court referred to in the preceding paragraph was a belated recognition by him of the true situation, namely that both the agreement made with the yard and the instructions given to the yard with respect to the work to be performed were made on behalf of the owners of the vessel.

In addition the Court is entitled to look behind the registered ownership to determine the beneficial ownership, see The Aventicum [1978] 1 Lloyds Rep 184. Therefore the Court may have regard to the declaration made by Mr Otero in his email dated the 25^th October 2017 to the effect that CML had become owners of the vessel. As, in fact, no formal transfer of the legal title took place this can only operate as a declaration that the legal owners held the vessel in trust for CML who would therefore hold the beneficial interest in her, see I Congresso del Partido [1978] QB 500. Thus if, as Mr Otero argues, CML was contracting in its own name it did so as beneficial owners of the vessel and, if that was so then s.21(4) operates to allow the in rem claim to proceed.

Mr Henderson has also submitted that, in the alternative, if CML are found to be the contracting party the Claimant is entitled to exercise a repairers’ possessory lien and the court should make a declaration to that effect together with an order for sale of the vessel. This arises where the repairer has carried out work on the instruction of either the owner or a person authorised by the owner, see Admiralty Jurisdiction and Practice 5^th Ed.at para. 6.1. Mr Du submitted that this was a matter of remedy which he did not address in his written submissions. The importance of the argument is that if Mr Du was correct with respect to his submissions as to the operation of s21(4) of the 1981 Act in this case the common law right to a possessory lien arises independently and the Court can make a declaration even if the requirements of s.21(4) are not satisfied. For the reasons set out above I consider that the Court does have jurisdiction under s.21(4) in the present case but

For the reasons set out above I have come to the following conclusions: