Arslan, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department

This Immigration Asylum Fresh Claim has a complex procedural history. The application for permission to apply for judicial review of the Secretary of State’s decision refusing the claim was lodged 6^th May 2009. Permission was refused 27^th May 2009 on papers by His Honour Judge Kaye QC and certified totally without merit. On the 16^th July 2009 I ordered the claimant not to be removed from the United Kingdom pending further directions of the court and ordered the renewal hearing to be listed with expedition. At the renewed oral application 29^th September 2009, His Honour Judge Kaye on amended grounds granted permission to challenge the decision of 30^th April 2009. On the 5^th February 2010, His Honour Judge Kaye approved a consent order to vacate the hearing scheduled for 10^th February pending a fresh determination, permitted the claimant to file amended grounds and the defendant’s grounds thereafter. Finally, on 31^st August 2010 His Honour Judge Behrens, noting the complex history of the claim, granted permission to challenge the new decision of 12^th April 2010 on the amended grounds. It is common ground that it is this decision that is now under review.

I heard oral argument on the 22^nd October 2010 and reserved judgment. Following a request by Mr Dunlop, counsel for the Secretary of State, I permitted further written submissions restricted to the application of Sir Michael Harrison’s decision given on the 22^nd October 2010 in R (on the application of M) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2010) (Footnote: ¹ ) which I have now considered and which has some factual similarities to the instant case.

The claimant Arslan, a Turkish national of Kurdish origin and failed asylum-seeker, who has exhausted his rights of appeal, challenges the 12^th April 2010 decision to refuse to treat his further representations under paragraph 353 Immigration Rules as a fresh claim (thereby excluding an ‘in-country’ right of appeal) on the amended grounds that the defendant:

On the 26^th April 2001 the claimant entered the United Kingdom illegally and claimed asylum. On the 7^th June 2001 his asylum claim was refused. It was reconsidered, but again refused on the 23^rd May 2007. His appeal was dismissed on the 17^th July 2007, his appeal rights becoming exhausted by the 31^st July 2007. On the 23^rd August 2007 further information was submitted as a fresh asylum claim and human rights claim; medical evidence was submitted as part of the fresh claim on the 4^th October 2007 and 18^th June 2008. On the 21^st October 2008 the fresh claim was refused. Further information was submitted on the 26^th November 2008. On the 27^th April 2009 this fresh claim was refused: the claimant was detained and served with removal directions for 5th May 2009 (since cancelled). Yet further representations were made on the 30^th April 2009, but the further fresh claim was refused by letter of the same day. At the oral renewal hearing on the 29^th September 2009 the claimant filed further evidence (medical reports dating back to 9^th June 2009). As I have already indicated permission was granted at this hearing. Following the consent order vacating the hearing on the 5^th February 2010 the amended grounds were filed; on the 13^th March 2010 Dr Gardner, psychiatrist, reported further; the decision now under challenge was issued on the 12^th April 2010. On the 5^th May 2010 the amended grounds were filed and defence detailed grounds filed on the 7^th June. Finally Dr Gardner on the 17^th June 2010 confirmed that his medical opinion remained unaltered having considered the immigration judge’s determination, the decision of 12^th April 2010 and the claimant’s amended grounds.

In the Acknowledgement of Service the defendant contended that the claim had been considered in accordance with the Immigration Rules and the guidance in WM (DRC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] EWCA Civ 1495. In relation to mental health facilities in Turkey and the claimant’s human rights submissions, the Secretary of State relied on the decision in N v United Kingdom [2008] ECHR 453 and also relied on the letters dated 21^st October 2008 and 27^th April 2009.

In the Detailed Grounds of defence the Secretary of State contends that:

The parties agree that the central issue for me to decide is whether or not the claimant’s claim, that there is a real risk that he will suffer an interrogation that would constitute a breach of Article 3 ECHR, would have a realistic prospect of success before an immigration judge considering the fresh material.

The claimant’s case, put clearly and succinctly by Ms Plimmer, his counsel, is that there is fresh material in the form of psychiatric medical evidence that relates specifically to the risk of a severe mental health breakdown in the form of re-traumatisation in the event that he were to be interrogated on arrival at the Turkish airport for some 6 to 9 hours. This was against a relatively recent diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The difficulty which she accepts is that the factual basis of the diagnosis was the claimant’s account of mistreatment at the hands of the Turkish authorities. This was the account which the immigration judge considering his asylum claim rejected on the basis that his evidence generally was unreliable. Ms Plimmer argues, however, that many of the immigration judge’s criticisms of the claimant’s evidence amounted to mere observations rather than findings of unreliability; that, nonetheless, the diagnosis is not dependent on the factual reliability of the account; that the diagnosis is now clear and forms the basis of the risk of harm. She submits that the fresh material which the Secretary of State had to consider in April 2010 did not call into question the availability of suitable treatment in Turkey, but related simply to the risk associated with prolonged interrogation on return to Turkey. The claimant relies on the country guidance cases of A (Turkey) CG [2003] UKIAT 00034 and IK (Turkey) CG [2004] UKIAT 00312, which have not since been modified, as indicators that people, who return to Turkey in circumstances such as will probably apply to the claimant, are likely to face interrogation of an average of 6 to 9 hours. It is not suggested that the interrogation would on its own necessarily lead to the risk of intentional ill treatment such as could amount to a breach of Article 3 ECHR. Rather, it is argued that the perception of ill treatment, which forms the basis of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, itself would be sufficient to trigger the breakdown, which in turn would amount to the kind of serious harm that would bring it within the ambit of Article 3. The serious harm which is envisaged by Dr Gardner is self harming, possibly to the extent of suicide.

Ms Plimmer acknowledges that this has to be one of those rare cases where the potential for sustaining serious harm at the hands of a state’s authority can amount to a risk of a breach of Article 3 without there being an intention to cause serious harm. It will be necessary to consider the two country guidance cases in this regard.

Thus, the claimant’s case is that the decision maker in April 2010 did not engage in anxious scrutiny of the specific risk to which the medical evidence was directed, but should have decided that there was a realistic prospect of an immigration judge concluding on the basis of this fresh material that there was a risk of a breach of Article 3 should the claimant be returned to Turkey. Ms Plimmer emphasised that the decision maker was only considering the relatively modest test whether there was a realistic prospect of success and not prejudging the outcome. That said, she acknowledged that the Secretary of State in these circumstances is a ‘gate keeper’ and to a certain extent can and should exclude cases which plainly do not have a realistic prospect of success (YH (Iraq) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] EWCA Civ 116).

The Secretary of State’s case is that anxious scrutiny was applied to every aspect of the fresh material; that, because Dr Gardner’s opinion is essentially based on facts already found by an immigration judge to be unreliable, there is not a realistic prospect that a new immigration judge would in effect reverse those findings and find that there was after all a factual basis for the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Mr Dunlop points to the 20 separate reasons in paragraph 22 of the determination why the immigration judge found the claimant’s evidence not credible. In fact properly analysed not all of the subparagraph do amount to such reasons, some of which are merely reasons for rejecting the asylum claim. However, the point is still valid that he gave a substantial number of clear reasons for his finding on credibility. It is clear that the majority of those reasons went beyond mere observations. Mr Dunlop submits that, unless there were very good reasons not to do so, the Secretary of State can properly anticipate that a new immigration judge would be reluctant to go behind such clear findings. Perhaps the most significant of the findings was to the effect that it was implausible that the claimant should have come to the attention of the authorities when on his own account he had been no more than a low level supporter of HADEP which was at the time still legal at the time he left Turkey.

Mr Dunlop points out that the immigration judge plainly had in mind the country guidance cases of A (Turkey) and IK (Turkey).

He submits that there is no prospect of a new immigration judge reaching a different conclusion on the credibility of his account of ill treatment before he left Turkey; that the new immigration judge would have in mind the basis of the core account before the first tribunal and the same inconsistencies of evidence. He submits, further, that it is remarkable considering that the appeal was heard some 6 years after the claimant arrived in the United Kingdom that there was no reference to any mental health issues, or at least some reaction to the questioning which he undoubtedly faced which could be considered to be consistent with the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is clear that no mental health issues were in fact raised at the appeal and that the immigration judge’s reference to a lack of medical evidence related to physical medical signs of ill treatment, such as scarring and the like, rather than any psychological effects. Significantly, he submits that the further representations made in August 2007 (the month after the appeal decision was promulgated) only made reference to medical care for a head injury.

In terms of whether a risk of breaching Article 3 could arise in this case, Mr Dunlop submits that the Secretary of State was entitled to decide that this was not one of those cases which could come within the exceptional cases where serious harm is envisaged without any direct intervention on the part of the receiving state.

The Secretary of State clearly had to consider whether the fresh material would give rise to a realistic prospect of the Article 3 claim succeeding before an immigration judge; that the threshold was not a high one, but the Secretary of State was entitled to assess the prospects of the immigration judge reaching a different factual conclusion as a ‘gatekeeper’ in respect of fresh claims (WM (DRC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department and YH (Iraq) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] EWCA Civ 116). In the context of this case, the decision maker had to give anxious scrutiny to the medical evidence and to determine whether there was a realistic prospect of a new immigration judge accepting the factual basis of Dr Gardner’s diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder against the background of the previous immigration judge’s findings on credibility; secondly, the decision maker had to consider the extent to which the Secretary of State could rely on a presumption that Turkey would honour its obligations under ECHR to honour the human rights of persons being returned (see R (Nasseri) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] 1 AC 1); thirdly, the decision maker had to consider the risk of the claimant’s being interrogated for some 6 to 9 hours at the airport of entry; fourthly, the decision maker had to consider whether in such supposed circumstances there was a risk that serious harm could result and whether such harm would bring the case within the rare category of case on which serious harm can amount to a breach of Article 3 without direct inflicting of harm on the part of the Turkish Authorities.

The relevant findings of the country guidance case A (Turkey) can be summarised as follows. The Turkish Government views Kurdish nationalist aspirations as a threat to the state and as causing a rift between Turkish nationals. Torture continues to be endemic among some of the security forces as noted in the reports before the Immigration Appeal Tribunal (paragraphs 7 to 13). Similarly the tribunal accepted the report (Footnote: ² ) that sympathisers of HADEP (the Peoples’ Democratic Party) continued to be harassed even before it was banned in March 2003 (paragraphs 18 to 20).

The part of the judgment which considered specifically ‘Risk on Return’ is relevant to the instant case. Referring to the CIPU report concerning the treatment of returned asylum seekers, they noted that, if there was no definite suspicion of involvement in unacceptable activities whilst abroad, then as a rule a person would be released after an average of 6 to 9 hours detention during which he would be interrogated. Whilst it went on to note that, for persons who were suspected of such activities, the possibility of being handed over to the anti-terror branch of the police and consequential risk of torture could not be ruled out. I hasten to interpose, however, that it is not the claimant’s case that in fact he is likely to be handed over to the anti-terror branch. The judgment concluded with an inexhaustive list of factors which could give rise to suspicion on the part of the authorities, of which only the claimant’s Kurdish ethnicity and possibly his lack of an up-to-date Turkish passport might be considered relevant in the instant case. Nevertheless and reading the judgment as a whole, there would seem to be recognised a real risk that a returning Kurdish failed asylum seeker would be subjected to some 6 to 9 hours detention and interrogation. I shall consider the effect of this risk in terms of resulting in serious harm when I come to apply the facts to my understanding of the law.

IK (Turkey) reviewed A (Turkey) and found no reason to depart from its conclusions so far as are relevant to this case. The judgment in IK, however, does make the point that when a tribunal is considering risk to a returnee, he would not be expected to lie in response to direct questioning. This is relevant where the border control authorities might not have a record of a person’s illegal entry into another country or failed asylum claim. The additional effect of this gloss on the earlier country guidance case is that it enhances the risk of a failed asylum seeker being detained and interrogated on return.

I turn to the question whether a risk of suffering serious harm can in certain circumstances amount to a risk of a breach of Article 3 ECHR. The terms of Article 3 make it clear that ordinarily it is concerned with the prohibition of deliberate and intentional torture or inhuman or degrading treatment on the part of an authority (Footnote: ³ ) . It is common ground that the prohibition of inhuman treatment is absolute. The effect of the authorities starting with D v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHHR 423 (European Court of Human Rights “ECtHR”) is that a decision to return a person to his country of origin, when the result will be to cause him serious harm to his health which cannot be controlled or treated in that country, can lead to a breach of Article 3 ECHR; that the harm need not be the result of direct and deliberate inhuman treatment on the part of the receiving authority.

In Bensaid v United Kingdom (Application no. 44599/98) (judgment delivered 6 February 2001) the ECtHR accepted the serious risk that the applicant would suffer a deterioration in his long term schizophrenia, if he were returned to Algeria. The court examined whether his removal would be contrary to the standards of Article 3 having said at paragraph 33:

In N v United Kingdom the Strasbourg Court set out the following principles which it drew from the case law:

In my view, it is clear that N considers the situation where the potential future harm would result from a naturally occurring illness and the lack of sufficient resources to deal with it in the receiving country. For such a case to show a potential breach of Article 3 it has to be of an exceptional nature. A mere deterioration of personal health would be insufficient to reach what has to be a high threshold. Otherwise, it would be relatively easy to show that without particular treatment a person’s health could deteriorate. The cases plainly demonstrate that where medical treatment in the receiving state is in issue, humanitarian considerations tend to dictate the outcome, but have deliberately been confined to exceptional cases such as where the person is facing death on return.

The instant case is not a medical treatment case. The risk of serious harm relied on is derived from the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and is specific to the alleged likelihood of prolonged interrogation on arrival in Turkey without more.

I derive from the authorities the principle that a breach of Article 3 can be anticipated without direct and deliberate treatment on the part of the receiving country’s security forces, where a person has the kind of medical condition that can result in serious harm when triggered by anticipated actions on the part of the security forces, which otherwise would be harmless. However, it is clear that the risk of the serious harm envisaged must be of an exceptional nature and extent in order to fulfil the criteria of Article 3. Risk of resulting serious self harm and possible suicide is capable of fulfilling such criteria.

Thus the word ‘treatment’ is used in different contexts. For there to be a breach of Article 3 there has to be some form of treatment on the part of an agency of the state; the outcome of that treatment has to be inhuman. It is clear from the case law that the prohibition of such treatment is absolute in nature, therefore, does not have as a requirement that the treatment should be deliberately or intentionally inhuman. It is this absolute nature of the terms of Article 3 that enables it to be engaged where the anticipated treatment on the part of an agency of the state is expected to be neither deliberately or intentionally human, but in the result is expected to be inhuman. It will obviously be only in an exceptional case that such unintentional result will materialise. However, where a possible breach of Article 3 is concerned which is premised on a course of anticipated treatment in the sense of conduct, it is the nature of the expected result which dictates whether or not it would be sufficiently serious in extent to be regarded as inhuman.

In Y v Russia the European Court considered the burden of proof in such cases and concluded at paragraph 77 that whilst it is for an applicant to adduce evidence that he would be exposed to a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3, once that is done then it is for the Government of the appropriate country to dispel any doubts about it.

In my view, the starting point is Dr Gardner’s diagnosis. He concludes after an examination lasting some 90 minutes that the claimant’s presentation of past and present symptoms is consistent with a diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in relation to his reports of detention and interrogation by police authorities in Elazig, Turkey; that the claimant’s past and present symptoms suggest a clinically dissociative component to this disorder; that symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and dissociation have been exacerbated and perpetuated by regular signing on with the immigration authorities and detention by the Home Office in April and May 2009 due to reminders of his previous traumatic experience; that future detention and interrogation by the Turkish authorities is likely to result in an increase in these mental health symptoms leading to re-traumatisation; that within this context the claimant is at an increased risk of physical harm to himself. Under ‘Personal Background’ Dr Gardner reproduces the claimant’s account of being detained, questioned, beaten and tortured by police, so that fearing for his safety he fled Turkey in a lorry. Under ‘Mental State Examination’ he noted particular difficulty in discussing his treatment in Turkey and how he became noticeably more physically agitated and tearful with difficulty recalling specific names, dates, time and places and sometimes staring blankly into space. The claimant had described intentions of ending his life to avoid the fear of future detention. His score on the scale of 1 to 100 for assessing a dissociative disorder was 38 – a score of 30 or above indicates the presence of a disorder with a clinically significant or pathological dissociative component. Inability to recall, either partially or completely, some important aspects of the period of exposure to the stress is a recognised part of this condition. Dr Gardner concludes that the claimant is profoundly unwell; examination indicates the perceived threat of harm from future detention or interrogation; this will invariably lead to an exacerbation of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms and dissociation leading to re-traumatisation trigged by a subsequent event such as interrogation by the Turkish authorities associated with his perceived fear of emotional distress and harm or physical injury; within this context he is at a significant risk of harm to himself, including suicide in order to prevent further detention and interrogation.

The decision letter deals in some considerable detail with the further representations. It would be difficult to say that the decision maker had not given them considerable scrutiny. The issue is whether the decision focused on the essential point of whether there was a risk that the anticipated interviewing process at the receiving airport could result in the kind of serious harm that would constitute a breach of Article 3. The letter makes it clear that the possibility of the claimant being interviewed for some 6 to 9 hours was considered. However, in my view, whilst it indicated that thought had been given to the possible effect of the interviewing, the decision maker appears to have concentrated more on the question whether the Turkish authorities would be in a position to provide adequate treatment for the claimant. There is, however, no issue in this case that adequate treatment would not be available in Turkey. To this extent, therefore, some of the reasoning on which the decision is based falls away.

A significant part of the reasoning centres on what is considered to be the lack of objective foundation to the psychiatric evidence and, in particular, Dr Gardner’s diagnosis and prognosis. There is understandable concern that the factual basis of the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is based on the claimant’s account to Dr Gardner of ill treatment at the hands of the Turkish Authorities some time prior to 2001, which for a number of valid reasons was considered to be lacking in credibility by the immigration judge. The facts, that there appears to have been no mention of any mental health symptoms until after the appeal hearing and that there appears to have been no particular reaction to the questioning at the appeal hearing in July 2007, naturally raise questions as to the basis for the diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Secretary of State’s decision, however, goes the stage further and reasons that these factual difficulties reduce the realistic prospect of a new immigration judge’s accepting the diagnosis and translating it into the risk of an Article 3 breach as nil.

The issue that I have to resolve, therefore, is whether the Secretary of State was entitled to anticipate the findings that a new immigration judge would make when faced with Dr Gardner’s diagnosis and prognosis in respect of the claimant’s suffering serious harm in the event that he is interrogated on receipt at the airport. In this regard, it is important to note two matters. First, the apparent weakness, that Dr Gardner had been unaware of the immigration judge’s findings and reasoning, has been addressed with Dr Gardner, who has indicated that his opinion remains unchanged despite the findings. Second, it appears not have been so much the genuineness of the claimant that has impressed the medical professionals, but rather the genuineness of the symptoms.

Ms Plimmer argues, therefore, in response to the powerful points made by Mr Dunlop in support of the decision, that a new immigration judge would be concerned not so much as to the credibility of the claimant but as to the genuineness of the symptoms which Dr Gardner has found, and the question not so much whether the current Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is logically based on fact but rather on genuine perception felt by the claimant. In essence Ms Plimmer argues that the Secretary of State has prejudged the central issue whether Dr Gardner’s diagnosis and prognosis are correct, for, if they are correct, there is made out a potential risk of an Article 3 breach based on the reasonable assumption that the trigger of interrogation is likely to occur on landing in Turkey. This would be a risk of serious harm of the kind covered in the cases of D and Bensaid.

Ms Plimmer recognises that the key issue as to whether the claimant would be at risk of serious harm is how his reception at the Turkish airport would be handled; that, if he were not subjected to detention and lengthy interrogation, then Dr Gardner’s fears for him would not arise. In the event, she submits that there was a serious inconsistency in the decision letter as to what, if any, special arrangements would be in place to address Dr Gardner’s diagnosis and assessment of risk. The difficulty which comes through from the decision letter stems from the decision maker’s rejection of there being any real risk to the claimant (paragraph 90 under ‘Airport Conclusion’). Nevertheless, Mr Dunlop at the outset of the hearing sought to clarify the Secretary of State’s position in this regard: a decision will be made whether there should be a medical escort, but the Turkish authorities will not be informed of any medical condition from which the claimant may be suffering unless he consents to that information being given to them. I recognise the problem. The Secretary of State cannot indicate that the claimant’s mental health should be taken into account by the Turkish authorities for reasons of confidentiality. The Secretary of State, however, was not in a position to second guess the claimant’s willingness or otherwise to disclose his diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, nor indeed could I do so.

I now consider the decision of Sir Michael Harrison in M and, in particular, whether that case is distinguishable on its facts and, if not, whether I should follow that decision.

Mr Dunlop submits that for all practical purposes it is not distinguishable. The facts and the basis of the decision are set out in the following Lawtel Summary:

The essence of the decision insofar as it is relevant to the instant case is as follows:

The Court went onto to consider M's evidence about the threat of violence from her husband and found there was no realistic chance that another immigration judge would find that the risk of domestic violence would mean that her removal would be a breach of Article 3 and concluded that M's representations did not amount to a fresh claim.

Mr Dunlop points to the following factual similarities:

Both Claimants were Turkish Kurds;

Both Claimants made asylum claims which were refused;

Both Claimants brought appeals which were dismissed on credibility grounds;

Both Claimants subsequently made further submissions against removal, purportedly under paragraph 353 of the Immigration Rules, in which they submitted that it would breach Article 3 to return them to Turkey because of their mental ill health.

In both cases the Claimants had evidence that they suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Ms Plimmer submits that the similarities end there; that there is a fundamental difference between the two cases. M was concerned with the general possible effect of returning to Turkey and related more to the argument that she would not receive sufficient support; that therefore she was at risk. M’s case was that her return to Turkey would cause her to commit suicide once in Turkey away from the family support she had in the United Kingdom and without an adequate level of psychiatric care within Turkey. Further, Sir Michael Harrison did not regard the evidence regarding the alleged seriousness of Ms Mustafa’s mental health or risk of suicide to be satisfactory.

The claimant Arslan’s risk, on the other hand is stated to be specific to the likelihood of a lengthy interrogation only; the evidence as to the likely effect of that interrogation is satisfactory relying as it does on the reliability of symptoms in his case not the reliability of the claimant himself. M’s case engaged N. Specifically, Ms Plimmer does not rely on N which is essentially a medical treatment case. It is not alleged in the claimant Arslan’s case that Article 3 will be breached by an absence of suitable care. This case, she submits, is a case of a one-off risk of serious harm resulting from the kind of interrogation which ordinarily would cause no harm.

Ms Plimmer takes issue with Mr Dunlop’s submission that for this claim to succeed the claimant Arslan has to show that his condition is of an exceptional nature. In my view, there is a danger in reading too much into the words ‘exceptional’. Article 3 sets the criteria for the degree of harm necessary to engage it. The claimant must show that for someone who suffers from the symptoms described by Dr Gardner, prolonged interrogation would have the potential effect of amounting to inhuman treatment. It must be an exceptional case where a prolonged interrogation could result in a person self harming or committing suicide. However, it is the unintentional treatment of the interrogator as opposed to the lack of medical treatment on which this fresh claim is based.

For those reasons, in my judgment, the instant case can properly be distinguished on its facts from M.

It may be that with the appropriate handling the claimant could pass through the Turkish airport control without the serious effects that Dr Gardner predicts. In such event, it is clear that Dr Gardner does not envisage any further risk of re-traumatisation that cannot be addressed by treatment that would be available to the claimant in Turkey.

The decision letter, however, does not adequately address this issue, in my judgment, for the simple reason that the decision maker rejects the foundation of the risk of serious harm. Whilst a new immigration judge could not help but be influenced by the views of the immigration judge in July 2007, the medical evidence, in particular, that of Dr Gardner, brings to the case an entirely new slant which deserves investigation beyond that simply of the Secretary of State.

The Secretary of State has raised a number of detailed points, as Mr Dunlop has highlighted in argument before me, which do cast serious doubt as to the basis of the medical evidence and the apparent risk to the claimant in the event that he is returned to Turkey. However, in my judgment, insufficient weight was given to the professional psychiatric evidence as to the genuineness of symptoms and the risk to which they give rise. Whilst I understand the reasons for that scepticism, I am persuaded that the decision cannot stand for the reasons that I have given.

In my judgment, a new immigration judge needs to examine the expert medical evidence, in particular, that of Dr Gardner and to form a conclusion as to whether or not it presents a risk of re-traumatisation and of serious self harming in the event that the claimant is interrogated at the Turkish reception airport; as to what reception arrangements are likely to be in place; as to whether or not such reception arrangements are likely to address any risk of re-traumatisation.

I should be content to receive written submissions by e-mail as to any consequential orders that may be necessary.