Forte & Anior v R.

There are before the court appeals against (1) a confiscation order made against the First Appellant, Michael Forte, by HHJ Robbins in the Southwark Crown Court on

The order was made by reference to two assets whose ownership was disputed. The prosecution claimed that Mr. Forte had a 50% beneficial interest in the first and a 100% interest in the second.

The fraud which gave rise to these proceedings resulted in sums of at least £2,067,224.37 being obtained from a number of victims. Some expenses had been incurred in creating the trappings of a legitimate business in order to defraud these people, but no books of account were kept. This was the agreed benefit figure. The onus therefore shifted to Mr. Forte to prove that the available amount was less than this, and, to the extent that he succeeded, the confiscation/compensation order would reflect that success. No doubt if he had not attempted this in detail, but argued that proportionality in assessing the recoverable amount required a reduction to reflect the high overheads of running frauds or the shares of other criminals, then such arguments would have been considered, but he did not. His case was that he could prove that the available amount was £37. During the two years of the fraud, he agreed that he had withdrawn £680,000 from the company bank account in cash. The police investigation has not located this money, and, since he did not give evidence in the confiscation proceedings, Mr. Forte has not said what happened to it. At trial its whereabouts was not a central matter for the jury to consider: in his evidence at trial he accepted that he had had this money and was vague about where it had gone.

Mr. Forte, as we have said, did not give evidence in the confiscation proceedings but Mr. David Langwallner appeared on his behalf and cross-examined Detective Constable Ingram and called a forensic account to support his case which was that he had no interest in the two assets described above, the first of which belonged entirely to Ms. Vale and the second to her mother. The forensic accountant, Mr. Phil Southall, had no personal knowledge of any of the relevant events, but brought his expertise to the examination of documents produced to him by the prosecution, by Mr. Forte and by Ms. Vale. There was no challenge to the admissibility of his evidence, although the nature of the issues about the beneficial interests in a property and in a bank account was not such as obviously to require the expertise of an accountant.

The proceedings before the judge were, therefore, in two parts. Part 1 was the assessment of the available amount. The prosecution put its case on the basis that this should be the combined value of the two assets identified above. This case, as we have said, prevailed before the judge. We were told by Mr. Nicholson that this approach was taken because the prosecution had decided that an order in that sum would be proportionate. Since, however, it was their case that the court should reject the evidence of Mr. Forte given in his s17 statement dated 27 August 2017, and since he did not give any evidence orally, the logical approach was to submit that he had failed to prove that the available amount was less than the benefit figure and the confiscation order should be made in the sum of £2,067,224.37, or perhaps (given their concern for proportionality) the sum of £680,000 being the cash which Mr. Forte had admitted taking at his trial. If the court had acceded to such a submission, it could have made a higher confiscation order against Mr. Forte than it did make, and it is hard to see how any arguable appeal could have been sustained by him against it.

In fact, the court was really concerned with an enquiry under s10A of the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 into the extent of Mr. Forte’s interest in the two assets. Since it had been decided to tie the confiscation order to the sum of those two interests, this was necessary. The exercise had consequences for enforcement and clearly concerned the potential interests of Ms. Vale, who claimed the whole beneficial interest in the property, and Mrs. Walters who did not stake a claim to the contents of the bank account but who, on the face of it, was entitled to the benefit of it as the account holder. It was contended on behalf of Ms. Vale that Mrs. Walters did own that money (or at least that Mr. Forte did not) and so the issue was before the court.

S10A of the 2002 Act provides as follows:-

S31 of the 2002 Act provides as follows:-

It is now common ground that both Ms. Vale and Mrs. Walters were given a reasonable opportunity to make representations when the determination was made. Ms. Vale has been given leave to appeal under s31(7). Mr. Forte has a right of appeal against sentence (which includes the confiscation order) under ss9 and 50 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968, and leave has been granted to him to bring his appeal. The powers of the court in respect of each appeal are, essentially, the same. S32(2A) of the 2002 Act says that the court may confirm the determination or make such order as it believes is appropriate, in respect of an appeal under s31(4). S11(3) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1968 confers the same powers in respect of Mr. Forte’s appeal, using somewhat different language. It might seem that the threshold for exercising those powers differs between the two types of appeal. S31(7), with its requirement for an arguable serious risk of injustice, is not replicated in the appeal process available to defendants in the 1968 Act. In our judgment, that provision relates to the criterion for granting leave to appeal because it requires a determination only as to what is “arguable” and not what is actually the case. Leave has been granted to Ms. Vale in this case, and it appears to us that it is not necessary to consider s31(7) further, except to resolve an issue as to the extent of that leave which we will explain below. We have considered her submissions in respect of both assets although there is no evidence that she, as opposed to her mother, has any interest in the bank account. It is hard to see how the “serious risk of injustice” to Ms. Vale was met in respect of that asset.

It is necessary to observe the very significant difference conceptually between the position of a defendant and that of a “person” involved under s10A(1)(b) in the proceedings, and now appealing under s31(4) and (5)(b). The defendant is subject to the court’s powers to sentence him and to deprive him of his property because he has been convicted of a serious criminal offence which has caused substantial loss to his victims. The Crown Court exercises its statutory powers to make the orders which it considers appropriate and in the public interest. His appeal can succeed only if the result is (a) manifestly excessive or (b) wrong in principle. It seems to us that these two broad tests capture the grounds on which sentence appeals are allowed, although it is possible to sub-divide them further, if desired, see Archbold 7-135. Ms. Vale, on the other hand, is in the same position as any litigant whose ownership of property is in issue. She has been convicted of nothing, and she is not exposed to any penal consequences. There is no finding that she was aware that Mr. Forte was committing fraud, but even if there was in the absence of any conviction her property rights would be unaffected, see R v. Bevan [2020] EWCA Crim 1345. Civil proceedings to determine the extent of her beneficial interest in Hillside Lodge, or her mother’s interest in funds held in a bank account in her name, might arise in many ways. They would be differently constituted from these Crown Court proceedings, and governed by the Civil Procedure Rules, which require statements of case, service of witness statements and disclosure of documents and so on. The procedure in the present situation is different. Section 10A(2) of the 2002 Act requires that Ms. Vale must be given a reasonable opportunity to “make representations” to the court. CrimPR 33.13(3)(a) repeats this requirement. 33.13(3)(b) gives the court a power to order Ms. Vale to give such information, in such manner and within such a period, as the court directs. Otherwise, the Crown Court procedure is not prescribed.

In R v. Hilton [2020] UKSC 29, at [24] the Supreme Court said that the purpose of s160A (which is in the same terms at s10A but applies in Northern Ireland) was to combine the confiscation and enforcement stages in simple cases where there could be no sensible debate about how the confiscation order should be enforced. If the court does not proceed under s10A, the confiscation order is still valid, but a third party asserting an interest in property can still make representations at the enforcement stage. There are no additional procedural safeguards for that person at that later stage, and it does not matter to the substance of the issue whether the determination is made at the confiscation stage or at the enforcement stage. We do not read the decision in Hilton as limiting the role of s10A to simple cases of the kind described by the Supreme Court when identifying the purpose of the new provisions. The effect of the new provisions is to give the court the power to make a determination of a defendant’s interest in jointly owned or contested property at either the confiscation stage or the enforcement stage (but not, of course, both). Where, as here, the real issue at the confiscation stage is the third party’s case, then it may be convenient to deal with it under s10A even if it is a significant issue. We doubt if the Supreme Court intended to give case management guidance to the Crown Court judges of England and Wales on the management of proceedings of this kind. Many of those judges will see an advantage in having one contested hearing at which all issues are resolved, rather than two contested hearings in each such case. If that is their view, then they are not inhibited from taking that course.

The lack of a prescriptive procedural structure means that judges dealing with the determination of the property rights of non-parties to confiscation proceedings under s10A of the Act will be careful to ensure that the procedures adopted are fair and enable an accurate determination of the issue. Article 6 of the EHCR applies to protect the fair trial rights of such people. In this case Ms. Vale’s appeal involves no criticism of the procedure. Her trial counsel confirms that she knew the case she had to meet. He says that she was given leave to take part in the proceedings on 26 February 2018, 6 months before the hearing. She had the written evidence of the prosecution and Mr. Southall in good time. She attended the hearings throughout. She was represented by counsel. She did not give evidence, but she does not say that this was because she was denied the opportunity to do so by the court. She says it was because her counsel failed to call her as a witness, and that this was incompetence which should lead the Court of Appeal to allow the appeal. It is, nevertheless, important to be clear about the nature of the proceedings so far as Ms. Vale is concerned for two reasons:-

The approach in civil cases to fresh evidence is not the same as it is in criminal cases, see Ladd v Marshall [1954] EWCA Civ 1, and CPR 52.21(2). Section 23 of the

The proper classification of proceedings under s10A of the 2002 Act is also relevant to some basic legal issues, namely

In our judgment the law in relation to the matters identified at paragraph 14 above should be that which applies to civil proceedings. The prosecution claims that Ms. Vale owns only a 50% interest in Hillside Lodge, and that her mother holds the funds in the bank entirely to the order of Mr. Forte who is the actual beneficial owner of them. As the party making the assertion, it falls to the prosecution to prove it. The standard of proof is the civil standard.

The position so far as adverse inferences from the decision of a party not to give or call evidence from any witness of fact with personal knowledge of the events is not governed by statute. S35 of the Criminal Procedure and Public Order Act 1994 does not apply to confiscation proceedings, even as against the convicted defendant. In his case, the burden of proving that the available amount is less than the benefit falls on him and if he does not give evidence he will encounter difficulties even in the absence of an adverse inference. In civil cases there is no statutory rule to guide the judge when deciding the facts. In Prest v. Petrodel [2013] 2 AC 415, at [44] Lord Sumption JSC said this:-

Thus, in civil proceedings, there is no free-standing adverse inference which may support the opposing party’s case in certain specific circumstances. The civil judge is required to decide the case on the evidence which there is, but is entitled to have regard to the fact that a party who could have contradicted the opposing case has not chosen to do so.

Having reviewed the background and the legal context, we now turn to the evidence and rival contentions in this case.

The prosecution case before the judge was, in summary:-

The boat referred to in the letter set out above, Earl Grey, was valued at £100,000 in the 2003 confiscation proceedings. It appears therefore that the assets which were to be transferred to Mrs. Walters on release from the restraint order were approximately worth the same as the loan and their transfer would repay it. There is a document now before the court which was prepared by Mr. Chambers as a record of the instructions which Ms. Vale gave to him as they prepared for the s10A determination. This was not before the judge, but it says

“50.

My mother paid his confiscation order and had the boat as security. Michael subsequently sold the boat and the money for it went back to my mother in dribs and drabs over time.”

If that had been in evidence before the judge, it would have reinforced his scepticism about the forged letter, because it is quite inconsistent with it.

As we have said, Mr. Forte, Ms. Vale and Mrs. Walters did not give evidence to rebut this case. Mr. Forte called Mr. Southall on his behalf and Ms. Vale called no evidence. Mr. Southall said, in his summary:

Central to these factual conclusions reached by this accountant were two documents which the judge found had been forged. One is at 19(i) above, and the second carries the date 3^rd December 2004 and is purportedly signed by Frank Walters, Ms. Vale’s father. It reads

“The purpose of this letter is to put into writing that which we have all agreed verbally.

As you are aware, Lyn is in the process of buying 28 Ashfield Lane. Lyn and I decided that she should buy the property on the basis that she will stay in it until such time as Jean needs caring for. The property is large enough for Jean and, if needed, a carer to move into.

I have no idea if this will be in the next year or so but, as you are aware, I have been given a very short time to live and I feel it is imperative that all matters are resolved as soon as possible to protect jean’s future welfare.

The property is to be funded by family money set up in trust by my Solicitor.

I regret that your marriage to Lyn has not worked out and that you have agreed to divorce. I do not apportion blame, the only feeling I have is that it was too soon for Lyn to move on after the death of her husband.

I do not feel that you should simply walk away from the marriage with nothing, but equally I do not want Lyn to line the pockets of solicitors with protracted court hearings. Therefore I have given you the sum of £50,000 on the complete understanding that when the divorce goes through you do not make any claim on Lyn’s property. By cashing my cheque you agree to these conditions.

Also I am aware that you have been earning your living with Lyn and this will not be able to continue. Therefore, I am also advancing to you the sum of £120,000.00 from family money, which you have estimated that you will need to re-establish yourself in the car trade with reasonable premises and stock.

I must stress that this is a loan and not a gift. I believe you to be an honourable man and I expect you to repay the money in instalments as and when you are able.”

The judge recorded the agreed benefit figure of £2,067,224.37. He referred to the skeleton arguments he had received and set out the background facts of the fraud.

He then set out the nature of the decisions he had to make, which were

The judge referred to the different burdens of proof in respect of the confiscation proceedings and in respect of the s10A determination proceedings, and said that it was common ground that he “should take a holistic approach, taking into account the behaviour of both Mr. Forte and Ms. Vale.” This is a reference to Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17, [2007] 2 AC 432, 456 C-D per Baroness Hale where she cites an extract from a Discussion Paper from the Law Commission to that effect. It refers to the way in which courts seek to determine whether the beneficial interest in a matrimonial home is held in the same way as the legal interest.

In relation to the decisions of Mr. Forte, Ms. Vale not to give evidence, the judge said

“The court is entitled to draw whatever inference the court considers proper, and, in particular, whether as a consequence the defendant has discharged the burden of proof upon him to show that the available amount is less than his benefit. Equally, neither of them has called any evidence which might disprove inferences sought by the prosecution that their divorce was a sham, that the defendant’s bankruptcy was a way of protecting his assets from creditors and/or confiscation, he having previously sought to hide assets it is said very quickly in the name of family members.”

The judge said that he preferred the methodology of Detective Constable Ingrams to that of Mr. Southall. He said:-

“That is no criticism of him, as he can only base his conclusions on the material that he is provided with. As I say the jury decided that so far as Mr. Forte is concerned, he was a dishonest man who milked many people, many investors, and forged many documents, and forgery is a relevant aspect when one comes to look at these proceedings.”

He also said that his evidence has

“little or no impact upon either of the key issues that the court has to determine, namely the extent of the defendant’s interest in Hillside Lodge and, secondly, the extent of the defendant’s interest in the £112,000 transferred after the same of his mother’s house.”

He then considered the two letters set out above and found that on the balance of probability they were forgeries. By this time, Ms. Vale had disavowed any reliance on the December 2004 letter said to be from her father because he had been on a life support machine in hospital on the date which it bears. She did, and does, however, continue to say that the arrangements it purports to record were genuine. We observe that that claim, undermined by her failure to give evidence about it, was seriously further weakened by the finding that the only evidence in support of it had been forged. The finding also significantly undermines the evidence of Mr. Southall who accepted the documents as genuine without apparently contemplating even the possibility that they might not be. Given that his client is a convicted fraudster who has forged documents in the past this was not a properly objective approach.

The judge then held that both the 50% interest in Hillside Lodge and the proceeds of sale of his mother’s house were tainted gifts even if he had effectively disposed of them. They should therefore be included in the available amount on one basis or the other.

The judge then set out in summary the submissions made in skeleton arguments by counsel for Mr. Forte and Ms. Vale respectively and stated his conclusions as follows:-

“In round terms I reject the submissions made on behalf of the defendant and third party, Miss Vale, as being against the weight of the evidence that has otherwise been heard and considered both in the course of the trial and also, more pertinently, in this confiscation hearing. The court has, therefore, to consider very carefully what has been described as the experts’ evidence [DC Ingram and Mr. Southall] on both sides, and the defence submissions and skeleton arguments to which I have referred, but the findings that this court makes are as follows.

The court makes a declaration that this defendant Michael Forte has a criminal lifestyle in accordance with section 6(4) of POCA. The court finds that the defendant’s benefit from criminal conduct as a general particular was a figure over £2,067,124.37. The available amount, of which the defendant has a 50% beneficial interest, the court finds, in Hillside Lodge under section 10 of the Act. The court declares that he does have a 100% interest in the sum coming into Jean Walters’ bank account from the sale of Forte’s mother’s house, totalling £115,000 with interest, again under section 10 of the Act.

The court therefore orders that the defendant should pay a total of £615,000 within three months or face an appropriate default sentence.”

The reasoning of the judge is exiguous. However, the appeal of Mr. Forte is hopeless. If Ms. Vale’s appeal succeeds, then Hillside Lodge will not be available to satisfy the confiscation order, but we have pointed out at [3] and [5] above that on the state of the evidence before the judge the order should have been higher. He could not possibly

This error appears to have followed from the approach of the prosecution which conflated the fixing of the available amount with the s10A determination of the extent of the defendant’s interest in the two disputed assets. These are separate exercises, and Mr. Forte was the beneficiary of that conflation.

Although he may stand to benefit from Ms. Vale’s appeal, Mr. Forte has no separate or free-standing complaint against this order. The beneficial interest is either entirely held by her, or each has a 50% share. We have heard submissions on behalf of Mr. Forte on the s10A determination, but in reality he cannot succeed unless she does. She is in a much stronger position than he is, because he bears the burden of proof and she does not.

It is not clear to us on what basis the judge decided that if Mr. Forte had no 50% beneficial interest in Hillside Lodge, the value of that interest should be treated as a tainted gift. The issue is irrelevant to his appeal for the reasons set out above and we need say no more about it.

So far as Mr. Forte’s appeal in relation to the Walters bank account is concerned, it is pertinent to observe that Ms. Vale has no claim to any interest in the money in her mother’s bank account, and Mr. Forte, whose money the judge found it was, does not assert any claim. The judge did not articulate any finding about how the money was held, but it is clear that he must have held that Mrs. Walters sheltered Mr. Forte’s money by holding it as a bare trustee or nominee. The fact that Ms. Vale was a

Mr. Carter-Stephenson Q.C seeks to advance seven Grounds of Appeal having been instructed since the hearing to act on her behalf. His new Grounds document is dated 13^th October 2020. He has leave only for his first ground, and, perhaps, his second.

Mr. Carter-Stephenson is entitled to complain that the judge’s conclusions are not fully reasoned. He made some clear findings of fact on some of the important issues, but did not explain exactly how he arrived at them. He did not then explain the legal route by which those findings of fact led to the resulting determination. This means that this court should not simply ask whether the outcome was one which was properly open to the judge, but should investigate the evidence and legal issues to ensure that his conclusion was sound.

It appears to us that in carrying out that exercise, the judgment of Lord Sumption JSC at paragraphs [43], [47], and especially [52] in Prest v. Prestodel Resources Ltd [2013] 2 AC 415 is of particular significance.

That was specifically said in the context of a matrimonial home where the legal interest was held by a company, but it contains statements of principle, namely

This is why the judge’s finding that the divorce was a sham is of central importance.

Neither Ms. Vale nor Mr. Forte gave evidence at the confiscation proceedings to refute these inferences, although they were both on notice that the prosecution case was that the divorce was a sham and that, at the time of the acquisition of Hillside Lodge, they were living together. Mr. Forte had given evidence about that at his trial, before the same judge.

On this state of the evidence, we have no doubt that the judge was entitled to find that the divorce was a sham. The sham issue was not, though, the most important point. The most important point was that they were cohabiting in Hillside Lodge as man and wife when it was acquired. Mr. Forte had admitted that, and no witness ever denied it. It was confirmed by the evidence of the police officer about the arrangements at the previous address, 28 Ashfield Lane, at the time when she examined it that the same situation had applied in respect of their previous matrimonial home.

It is also why the source of the funds with which the property was bought is not the critical issue. It is not necessary to establish that any of those funds were the proceeds of crime, or emanated from Mr. Forte. What is required is that the evidence shows that Mr. Forte and Ms. Vale were at all times living as a married couple and sharing their property. He brought £680,000 of cash out of his fraud and may have had other assets and sources of income as well. She had some income of her own, although it is agreed she could not have funded the purchase herself. That is why the reference to “family money” from her father is made. Although she was at pains to claim that their finances were kept separate she never gave that evidence on oath. In that context we refer back to the point made above about the fact that Mr. Forte allowed Ms. Vale to control the £112,000 which belonged to him which rested in her mother’s bank account.

The finding of fact about the two forged letters is also one which was fully justified on the evidence. Ms. Vale accepts it in respect of the letter allegedly written by her father, but it is suggested on her behalf (not by her in evidence) that the transactions it

The fraud was funded with £54,830.51 which came from Ms. Vale. There is no evidence that she knew that the money was going to be used for a fraud, but that is a further respect in which the finances of Ms. Vale and Mr. Forte were not, in fact, separate. Her son was involved in the fraud with Mr. Forte which is a fact relied upon by Ms. Vale, but which is actually another connection between her and his business.

In effect, the judge concluded that Mr. Forte and Ms. Vale were to be treated as husband and wife and inferred that it was their common intention that the matrimonial home should be jointly owned between them. He inferred that the beneficial interest was not held in the same as the legal title, which is only the starting point. We consider that there was ample material to support that finding, and that since it was unanswered in evidence by either of them the judge was entitled to confirm that conclusion by adopting the approach affirmed by Lord Sumption JSC in the passage set out at [16] above and to treat the silence of those parties in face of the prosecution’s evidence as confirming that evidence into proof in relation to matters which were entirely within the knowledge of the silent parties and about which they could be expected to give evidence. For these reasons the appeal is dismissed. We have dealt with the appeal or application which is ground 2 of the Grounds of Appeal document (the money in Mrs. Walters’ bank account) already.

The applications for leave overlap to some extent with each other, and also with the appeal. The ground alleging incompetence of counsel (ground 3) relies on the proposition that there is fresh evidence which we should receive and is said to be the explanation why it was not before the trial court. It is said also to be the explanation of why Ms. Vale did not give evidence (ground 4). Grounds 5, 6 and 7 do not overlap, but challenge the judge’s findings of fact. We have had regard to them in reaching our conclusions as to the fact-finding process in relation to the appeal and need only say a little about them now. It is convenient to take them in a different order from that in which they are set out.

As to Ground 4, failing to call Ms. Vale to give evidence, counsel, Mr. Chambers, says in his McCook response that he took instructions from Ms. Vale in detail during a number of conferences and created a document, which we have seen and which we refer to above. He said that he invited the prosecution to indicate what further material they wanted from her and, when they did not do so decided that he should not serve a witness statement, but use his document as a proof of evidence. He says that the suggestion that he refused to allow her to give evidence is absurd. He says:-

“In discussing this issue, she was taken through the ambit of topics which she would be asked to comment on, as she had been in several conferences during the previous months. The ambit included her financial affairs and source of income and the “sham divorce”. It also included the nature of her relationship with the appellant and what she knew about his finances, criminal activity, which also involved her son, where she understood his money (£2m+) to come from and go, how he funded his helicopter lessons, and what their financial intentions together were. The prosecution also relied on documents that they asserted were false including one said to be written by Ms. Vale’s father shortly before his death. ……..I gave realistic and objective advice to help Ms. Vale make an important decision. Ms. Vale made a voluntary and informed decision not to give evidence….Her position was confirmed during the lunchtime adjournment on 27 July 2018.”

It is certain that Ms. Vale knew she was entitled to give evidence. During the prosecution case the judge expressly referred to the fact that evidence may be given on behalf of the other parties. In any event, it is inconceivable that she would not know this and that there were no discussions between her and her counsel about this. If she had expressed a clear conclusion that she did want to give evidence we have no doubt that counsel would have called her. Why would he not? We do not consider that the absence of a signed endorsement recording her decision in this regard is of any real relevance in this situation. The practice of recording such endorsements applies in criminal trials where it is extremely important that the statutory consequences of a decision not to give evidence are clearly understood by the defendant. It is not invariably followed in civil cases where the consequences of such a decision are different, and are as we have explained above. It is a fair criticism to make that there is no conference note recording the advice given, but that is outweighed by the fact that, even now, we have no witness statement from Ms. Vale setting out the reasons why she did not give evidence and what she would have said. The response to her counsel’s observations to the Registrar is a written submission by her current counsel, and it contains some assertions of fact which are not in evidence. There is a short, unsigned, statement in the “Fresh Evidence Bundle” prepared for Ms. Vale which says that she provided all the documents which Mr. Southall asked for to him, and that the prosecution did not ask for anything from her beyond what she had provided. It does not say why she did not give evidence. It was submitted to this court on 14^th November 2018 and does not deal with or in any way support the new applications for leave. The only material we have about her decision not to give evidence is the McCook response of counsel. That is fatal to this ground of appeal which is unarguable.

Once we have concluded that Ms. Vale took a decision to not give evidence, the rest of the complaints about counsel have less significance. For example, his alleged failure to prepare a bundle of documents which would support the case to be advanced by Ms. Vale falls away once it appears that there is not going to be any such case. We do not consider that it is likely that an expert witness could have given any useful evidence which would have changed the outcome of the case, and no such evidence has been placed before us. The decision made before trial not to seek any, on this basis, was perfectly sensible. There are criticisms of the cross-examination of DC Ingram. We have read that cross-examination with those criticisms in mind and consider that they do not amount to an arguable ground of appeal. The points raised by Mr. Carter-Stephenson were adequately covered, except one. An assertion that Mr. Forte had said at his trial in 2015 that he had dealt in cash but used Ms. Vale’s bank accounts was not true, but not contradicted. He had certainly said that he dealt in cash, but he did not say that he used her accounts. That was a relatively small point. Most of the points now raised played no part in the judge’s determination, as far as we can see. He found that the divorce was a sham and the two documents at the heart of the defence case were forgeries and those findings have been upheld by this court. The other matters which should allegedly have been more thoroughly explored were, in comparison, matters of detail.

This is also the answer to the application to put in fresh evidence. We consider that it is appropriate in these essentially civil proceedings to apply a strict test for the admission of fresh evidence. All the documents which Mr. Carter-Stephenson now seeks to adduce could, with reasonable diligence, have been adduced before the judge. They would not provide a ground for allowing the appeal, certainly in the absence of evidence from Ms. Vale. They fall into the category of documents which mean little on their own without evidence from Ms. Vale about them. We have read them de bene esse but do not consider that they afford a ground for allowing the appeal and decline to admit them.

Ground 5 criticises the judge for apparent bias in his questioning of Mr. Southall about his experience and qualifications. Mr. Southall was asked to produce the original of his qualifications and did so. The curriculum vitae provided by Mr. Southall was in very general terms and we consider that it was not evidence of bias for the judge to seek further reassurance. In his ruling he did not reject the evidence of the expert, but said only that, in effect, it was only as good as his instructions. Given Mr. Southall’s uncritical acceptance of two forged documents and freely expressed opinions on matters of fact, this was both kind and fair. It was certainly not evidence of any bias.

Ground 6 deals with the judge’s finding on the sham divorce. This is an essential part of the ground of appeal and we have dealt with it above. By way of example, one of the matters which it is suggested the judge ought to have relied upon in support of Ms. Vale’s case in this respect was “the complexity of human emotions and behaviour as between ex partners.” In the absence of evidence from either of them the judge would have been simply speculating had he allowed himself to express views about this subject, and that would have been quite wrong. The need for oral evidence to support other matters now relied upon is equally obvious.

Ground 7 contends that the judge should have taken various matters into account when drawing an adverse inference against Ms. Vale from the fact that she did not give evidence. It is enough to say that this is very circular. The relevance of the

For these reasons we consider that none of the additional grounds is arguable and we refuse leave.