The claimant in these proceedings, who is the appellant before us, is a Manchester City supporter. On 25 November 2014 he attended a match at the Etihad Stadium. As a result of an incident between himself and the match stewards, police officers on duty at the match arrested him. In the course of the arrest he suffered a bad fracture of his left arm. He brought proceedings against the Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police for false imprisonment, assault and battery and negligence. The claim was tried in the High Court in Manchester over five days.

By a reserved judgment, handed down on 4 February 2019, Mr David Allan QC, sitting as a Deputy High Court judge, dismissed all three claims. The claimant appeals with the permission of Leggatt LJ against the dismissal of the claims of assault and battery and of negligence. He has been represented by Ms Heather Williams QC and Mr Jude Bunting: Mr Bunting, but not Ms Williams, appeared below. The respondent was represented by Mr Graham Wells of counsel, though in the event we have not found it necessary to call on him.

Although there was at the trial some dispute about the circumstances leading up to the arrest, the judge made clear and thorough findings of primary fact which are not now challenged. I can summarise them very briefly. I should say that the entire incident was captured on CCTV; but, as is very often the case, the footage does not show everything, and the judge made his findings on the basis both of the CCTV pictures and of the oral evidence which he heard from several witnesses.

The incident started when, in course of the second half of the match, the claimant was asked by a steward to stop smoking an e-cigarette, which was contrary to club rules. He refused and was belligerent and abusive towards her. The judge found that his conduct was influenced by alcohol. The stewards decided that he should be ejected. He was asked by police officers to accompany them to a concourse in another part of the stadium, which he did.

Once in the concourse, the claimant became aware from his conversation with a steward called Barbara Leonard not only that was he going to be ejected but that he was likely to face a ban from attending matches at the Etihad: this was not the first time that he had been banned for disregarding the prohibition on smoking. At that point he became very angry. Two police officers, PS Fenton and PC Wood, reasonably believed that he was going to attack Ms Leonard and decided that they needed to intervene and arrest him. PS Fenton took hold of his right arm. PC Wood took hold of his left arm, intending to immobilise him using a well-established technique called an “entangled armlock and take-down”. The judge described this manoeuvre, in which PC Wood had received training, at para. 33 of his judgment as follows:

The judge's finding about what happened next and how the claimant's injury was sustained is found at paragraph 26 of his judgment. The relevant part reads as follows:

The judge gave himself what it is common ground were correct directions in law as regards both the assault and battery claim and negligence claims. As regards the former, he noted that it was for the defendant to prove that PC Wood had used force which was reasonable and not excessive. As regards the latter, he directed himself that the duty on PC Wood was to take such care as was reasonable in the circumstances to avoid injuring the claimant.

On the basis of his primary findings the judge addressed the claims of assault and battery and of negligence at paragraphs 49 and 50 of his judgment, as follows:

The judge's conclusion at paragraph 51 of his judgment reads as follows:

The claimant's grounds of appeal read:

The Recorder failed to properly apply the test for breach of duty of care and/or applied an incorrect test.

The Recorder failed to give adequate reasons for his conclusion that the defendant was not negligent.

The Recorder's conclusion that there was no breach of duty of care was irrational and wrong in law on the Recorder's own findings of fact.

I should quote from the reasons given by Leggatt LJ when giving permission to appeal.

In the helpful skeleton argument of Ms Williams and Mr Bunting the grounds of appeal are re-numbered - with 2.1 to 2.3 becoming grounds 1 to 3 and ground 3 becoming ground 4 - and clearly and succinctly elaborated. I take them in turn.

As Miss Williams acknowledged, grounds 1 and 2 are closely related and I can take them together. The judge, as we have seen, found that when PC Wood started to execute the entanglement armlock and take-down manoeuvre that constituted reasonable force and involved no breach of a duty of care owed to the claimant. He also found that initially the claimant's arm was, as it should be, bent at the elbow. Ms Williams does not challenge any of that. What she says, however, is that everything changed at the point when, as the judge found, the claimant's arm straightened, and thus escaped from the armlock, because that meant, as was common ground, that he could not then be safely taken down as he could have been had the lock been maintained. The crucial question in the case, as she illustrated by reference both to the pleaded particulars of negligence and to the transcript of the claimant's cross-examination by Mr Bunting, was whether it was unreasonable for PC Wood not at that point to abandon the take-down attempt or to try to execute it in some alternative way, for example by performing an "arm strike" to re-bend the elbow and restore the armlock. In her oral submissions she described this as the heart of the case. It is her submission that, given the importance of that issue, it was necessary for the judge to address it expressly and that in the crucial paragraphs 49-50 of his judgment he failed to

Persuasively though Ms Williams advanced those submissions, I cannot accept them. In my opinion, it is clear what the judge's reasoning was and, more particularly, why he did not accept that the straightening of the claimant's arm required a change of approach on PC Wood's part, notwithstanding the acknowledged risk of taking someone down with an extended arm. His finding was that things simply happened too quickly to expect PC Wood to take that course. He had, on the judge's primary findings, embarked on the correct manoeuvre, but the claimant's arm had straightened "at the point" that he had decided to take him down (paragraph 46). In paragraph 49 he found that the claimant's arm went into the hyper-extended position "as PC Wood was attempting to bring him to the ground". At paragraph 50, the judge asked himself specifically:

Ms Williams submits that the question the judge asked himself was incomplete and that he needed to ask also why, if he was going to continue to take the claimant down, PC Wood did not try to do so in a different way, for example, by administering an arm strike which would re-bend the arm. This was, as she pointed out, the point focused on

One way in which Ms Williams developed her submission as to the inadequacy of the judge's reasoning was by pointing out that he made no finding as to whether PC Wood failed to appreciate at the crucial moment that the claimant's arm had straightened or did appreciate it but decided to proceed nonetheless. That criticism seems to me to ignore the essence of the judge's reasoning. His whole point is that in a melee of the kind which he found was occurring it is unreasonable to expect perfect decisionmaking, not least because it is impossible for a participant to appreciate immediately everything that is going on or to make a measured assessment of his options. Still less would it be realistic for a judge to make a nicely calibrated finding of fact as to the participant's thought-processes and choices.

I cannot, therefore, accept that the judge does not address the crucial question in the case or that he failed to apply his own self-direction as to the nature of the assessment required in deciding whether there had been a breach of duty. On the contrary, he addressed the right question, namely whether PC Wood had taken reasonable care to avoid injuring the claimant in the circumstances, and he identified the circumstances that he believed were decisive.

Ms Williams in her oral submissions emphasised, as I have said, that the judge's findings of primary fact involved him rejecting some aspects of PC Wood's evidence, in particular his evidence that the claimant's arm was bent at the time of take down, albeit not fully under control. She made the related point that PC Wood himself never sought to defend his conduct on the basis that his decision may have been wrong with hindsight but that it was made in the heat of the moment. However, the judge was not constrained to accept wholesale the evidence of either one party or the other. There is nothing surprising or indeed reprehensible about a police officer or any other person accused of negligence giving in good faith an account of events which is unduly favourable to their case. But it is the job of the judge to make findings to the civil standard about what happened and to determine the issues on the basis of those findings.

I would therefore dismiss grounds 1 and 2. I can take grounds 3 and 4, on which Ms Williams did not advance detailed oral submissions, more shortly.

The essential point made, in various iterations, in her skeleton argument is that the judge was wrong and/or irrational to find that it was reasonable for PC Wood not to abandon the attempt to take the claimant down, or in any event to resort to some different technique, once it became clear that he could not perform an entanglement armlock to take down in the proper manner, i.e. with the claimant's arm bent. He had acknowledged in cross-examination that he knew that a take-down with an extended arm involved a real risk of injury, the risk which the claimant posed to Ms Leonard was not acute, and there were other officers and stewards nearby who could have assisted in restraining the claimant in some other way.

Those may be reasonable points in the abstract, but they have to be considered in the light of the judge's finding that PC Wood had embarked on a safe and appropriate manoeuvre which had been frustrated by the claimant's own resistance, which created the situation in which PC Wood had to take a split-second decision. I can see nothing wrong, still less irrational, in the judge's conclusion that in those circumstances PC Wood could not be said to have failed to take reasonable care to prevent the claimant being injured and that force which he had used was not excessive.

I would accordingly dismiss this appeal. Like the judge, I have sympathy for the claimant, but, also like him, I have to say that it was he who created the circumstances in which he suffered the nasty injury that he did.

I agree.

I also agree.