CG v CW & Anor (Children)

The parties to this appeal are CG, CW and their children, A and B represented by their guardian Mr M.

By way of short introduction CG and CW cohabited in a lesbian relationship from 1995 until 2002. They wanted a family. A was conceived by CG as a result of anonymous donor insemination and born on the 2^nd February 1999. Sperm was reserved by the clinic to enable the couple to have a second child. B was born on the 26^th June 2001 and A and B are full sisters.

In 2002 their relationship broke down and CG initially moved with the children to an adjoining property. That arrangement terminated when CG found a new lesbian partner who lived in Leicester. She moved with the two children to share her new partner’s home. That relationship endures and the couple have registered their civil partnership.

CW has also found a new partner and they are contemplating the registration of their civil partnership.

To complete the family story CW has a seventeen year-old son, C. There is a close bond between C and the two young girls.

More detailed account of the background is unnecessary since this case was the subject of a prior judgment of the Court of Appeal given on 6^th April 2005 and reported at [2006] 1 FCR 436. The appeal was brought by CW against the judgment of Her Honour Judge Hughes given in the Telford County Court in November 2004. The judge had refused CW’s application for a shared residence order, and with it parental responsibility, but had imposed a condition preventing CG from relocating to Cornwall. Although this court did not interfere with the practical arrangements ordained by Judge Hughes, CW’s appeal was allowed, fortifying her legal status in relation to A and B. The history, and the situation as it was last April, is sufficiently recorded in my previous judgment. Accordingly I now focus on the events of the last eleven months.

CG is recorded as having dismissed the order of this court as “an appalling decision made in an afternoon”.

On the 6^th May her solicitors wrote to CW’s solicitors asking for consent for the move to Cornwall. The request was inevitably refused. The relative proximity of the children supported the shared residence order and the underlying arrangements.

Nevertheless in May CG and her partner put the Leicester house on the market. On the 11^th of May CG registered A and B at school in Cornwall. She and her partner took steps to buy an alternative property in the vicinity.

A and B had their summer holiday with CW between 14^th and 28^th August. During that fortnight CG and her partner completed the sale of the house in Leicester and the purchase of a house in Cornwall. That was achieved by the 19^th August and enabled their removal on the 20^th. This, of course, was a flagrant breach of the court’s control of the arrangements for the children and an elaborate deception of CW. I infer that it was also a deception of CG’s solicitors, for on the 18^th August they wrote to announce that their client would be issuing an application for permission to relocate to Cornwall. They added “it will be our intention to issue proceedings at the Leicester County Court as the children are now residing in this area and will therefore be more readily available for meeting with a local CAFCASS officer.”

In order to maintain the deception CG returned to Leicester on the 28^th August in order to receive A and B at the regular handover point in Leicester. A and B were then driven through the night to Cornwall. The deception only emerged when CW discovered that the girls had not attended at the Leicester school on 31^st August, the first day of the Michaelmas term. An immediate query to CG’s solicitors was promptly answered “she has moved from the Leicester area to Cornwall …our client acknowledges that her actions place her in contravention of Order of the court but instructs us that the situation in Leicester was becoming unbearable and therefore impacting on the children. She was forced to make the decision that she did but did it in the interests of the children.”

This apologia is hardly plausible. At the subsequent trial in the Family Division before Bracewell J, whose judgment we now review, the children’s guardian made this telling appraisal: -

“Can I just say that I am obviously concerned that somebody should disobey the court order, but from a child care perspective whether that order existed or not, to move the children in that way, in secret, without them having the opportunity to say goodbye to their friends and their school friends, I think, to use the same word, was an appalling thing to do to them. It did not matter whether they were moving 50 miles away, never mind 250 miles away, to actually be uprooted without any planning, without any preparation, and suddenly taken overnight, which I did not appreciate actually happened until that emerged in evidence, that this was done as a farewell in the home of somebody else on that particular afternoon and then they were loaded into a car and driven down overnight to Cornwall, I can’t imagine what impact that would have had on the children. They come back from CW’s believing, “This is it. We are getting ourselves ready for school and we are going down to Woolworths to get our school uniforms”, and all that sort of stuff, and all of a sudden you are spirited away in the middle of the night to somewhere, you know, 250 miles away where you don’t know anybody. That to me, with the greatest respect to the court, the flouting of the order was bad, but the way in which it was achieved and the emotional impact it had on those children, was a terrible thing to do to them.”

CW still did not know where the girls were to be found and on the 6^th September applied for orders under Section 33 of the Family Law Act 1986. Judge Hughes made the orders sought, proceedings were transferred to the High Court and A and B were joined as parties.

Two applications were then issued. On the 14^th September CG issued an application for the removal of the restriction imposed by Judge Hughes and for the reduction of CW’s contact. On the 22^nd September CW issued an application for “a change in the arrangements of where the children are to reside under the current shared residence order…the applicant proposes that the shared residence order remain in place but the applicant becomes the children’s primary carer.”

Directions were given in the Family Division to culminate in a three day trial of the cross-applications commencing 8^th February 2006. These orders also regulated contact between CW and the girls in the interim.

I would observe that these applications played for high stakes. CG sought the validation of her conduct subsequently described by the guardian in a later passage of his evidence as “an incredibly stupid and damaging thing to do to those children.” She also sought a reduction in CW’s contact. There was no hint of a readiness to return to the Midlands for the sake of the children. On the other side CW did not seek a peremptory order for the return of the children to the Midlands: she sought to take over as primary carer.

The trial before Bracewell J was fought on those battle lines. Mr Stephen Cobb QC, who appeared for CW below, confirms that none of the parties sought the outcome that would have returned the children to the Midlands in the care of CG and her partner, MG. (The evidence before Bracewell J established that since the move to Cornwall CG had been the working partner and MG the home carer).

Bracewell J heard evidence over three days, the four adults first and then the guardian. At the end of the second day she made a significant request for submissions on whether and how she might depart from the recommendation in the guardian’s written report of 16^th January 2006, the essence of which was that there should be no change of residence and that contact should be reinstated to the level set by Judge Hughes.

If this was a straw in the wind, a clearer signal came from the guardian’s oral evidence. He had been requested to listen carefully to the oral evidence and to reassess his written recommendation. At the outset of his examination in chief he was asked for his assessment of the oral evidence of CG and MG. This was his answer: -

“I found the evidence both from CG and MG quite disturbing. I think that M’s evidence --- Was I wouldn’t say hostile but not far from that, and a very unhelpful attitude of a blanket answer of “I can’t remember”. That did concern me as to the level of truthfulness. So far as the evidence of CG was concerned, again I had concerns about the avoidance of answering the questions which I think went beyond what would normally be expected of a lay person in a court such as this. What also concerned me was there was no expression of remorse or contrition for disobeying the orders of the court. It was almost a blanket answer of “I believe it was in the children’s best interests and therefore I did it”. I think in her evidence this morning, I think it was the first time she used the word “mistake”. Again that does concern me because it to an extent undermines my confidence in her possibly obeying future court orders.”

He was then asked for his opinion on the oral evidence of CW and her partner, LP. Again I set out his response: -

“LP was exactly the same in the witness box as she was in the kitchen, and I mean that as a compliment. Her honesty and integrity I think I have commented upon in my report, and she came over, in my opinion, in exactly the same way in the witness box. There was no difference in the lady at all. Again I do mean that as a compliment and it was something that I found reassuring. CW’s evidence I felt was consistent. Again she has every right to feel partisan, and I don’t criticise her for that, and I think if you are looking for a balance between being partisan and objective, she tried to achieve two very different goals and I think actually did try quite hard with that, and again I’ve got no doubt at all that she loves these children and that her concerns in the majority of instances are quite genuine. Your Ladyship knows the emotive nature of these sorts of proceedings and I think having given due consideration to the emotional conflict in these sort of proceedings, I think she was as objective as any parent in these set of circumstances can hope to achieve.”

Mr M’s counsel then asked what effect these assessments had upon his recommendation. He gave this important response: -

“I think what the evidence has done is narrowed my opinion as to the balance and where the balance lies. I still believe that on balance that these children should remain with CG but I would stress now that I see that as a fine balance, and I believe that the court would have to be confident that in future any orders would be complied with because unfortunately, with the best will in the world, and to a certain extent with me acting as referee, we are achieving only part of what we could do and therefore there is going to be a need for orders to control the situation. That’s unfortunate but in some cases we have to have the sort of detailed orders that Judge Hughes gave in order to control the situation. However, that has to be balanced by the fact if the court doesn’t have the confidence that the person against whom the order is made is going to abide by it then it is not the, and I don’t mean this with any disrespect, simple disobeying of the order. It undermines the whole principles on which the order was based and the premise with which children would reside with a party or with another party, and I don’t mean to be disrespectful, but that’s the premise that the orders are built upon and it can’t be seen as a simple breach of a technical point, in my view, in Children Act cases.”

One consequence of the guardian’s evidence was the production on Monday 13^th February of typed statements composed by CG and MG on the previous day. These statements expressed contrition and pleaded for leniency, asking that any punishment should be visited on them and not upon the children.

At the outset CG’s counsel, Mr Moat informed the judge of the development and she offered him the opportunity of either recalling CG and MG or simply putting in their statements. Mr Moat chose the second course. That decision was criticised in the appellant’s fourth ground for appeal. I deal with it straight away. Although not abandoned by Mr Peter Jackson QC, who has argued this appeal most ably for CG, it was hardly pressed. He sought to suggest that Mr Moat should have insisted on further evidence from CG and MG. As my lord, Laws LJ, observed during argument, Mr Moat may have had very good reasons for electing not to do so, a decision that was no doubt taken on instructions.

Submissions were completed by the middle of the day when the judge adjourned to consider her judgment.

In her judgment delivered two days later on the 15^th the judge explained her reasons for rejecting the revised recommendation of the guardian and for granting CW’s application for primary care.

Following that reverse CG instructed fresh solicitors who in turn instructed Mr Jackson. He applied to this court for permission and for a stay. Following written exchanges between counsel for CG and CW and the court, Wall LJ granted the stay on the basis that there would be an oral hearing on the 14^th March on notice with appeal to follow if permission granted. Wall LJ identified in Mr Jackson’s first ground of appeal a novel point of some general importance that required consideration. On the 14^th March we went straight to the appeal hearing submissions from Mr Jackson for CG, Miss Cook for the guardian and Mr Cobb for CW.

Mr Jackson relied on two grounds of appeal as follows: -

1.

“The Judge did not pose the correct question, namely whether there are compelling factors requiring the displacement of the children’s right to be brought up by their mother. Instead she appears to have asked whether the Mother or CW would provide the better home, and in consequence gave no weight to the fact that the Appellant is A and B’s mother and their only available natural parent.

2.

She did not carry out a methodical survey of all significant features of the case (as required by Section 1(3) of the Children Act 1989) and as a result

i)

Attached no weight to the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the children.

ii)

Ignored the strong attachment between the children and their mother.

iii)

Ignored the glowing reports about the children’s development.

iv)

Minimised the immediate effect of a change of circumstances on the children.

v)

Overlooked the lifelong disadvantages for the children of not being brought up by their mother.

She instead elevated the Mother’s misconduct from being an important issue to being the crucial issue in the case to the exclusion of all others, leading to an unbalanced assessment of the Mother’s ability to meet the children’s overall needs.”

In support of the first ground Mr Jackson submitted that a clear principle emerged from the decisions of the House of Lords in J v C [1970] AC 668 and Re: KD [1988] AC 806. In drawing this first ground of appeal he had particularly relied upon the passage in the speech of Lord Oliver of Aylmerton at 824: -

“I do not, for my part, discern any conflict between the propositions laid down by your Lordship’s House in J v C and the pronouncement of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the natural parent’s right of access to her child. Such conflict as exists is, I think, semantic only and lies only in differing ways of giving expression to the single common concept that the natural bond and relationship between parent and child gives rise to universally recognized norms which ought not to be gratuitously interfered with and which, if interfered with at all, ought to be so only if the welfare of the child dictates it.”

Mr Jackson also cited subsequent cases applying the identified principle, namely Re: K [1991] WLR 431: Re: H [1991] 2 FLR 109: Re: W [1993] 2 FLR 625 and Re: D [1999] 1 FLR 134.

The essence of Mr Jackson’s simple submission was that these authorities demonstrated the consistent application of the principle that the natural bond and relationship between parent and child is a factor of great importance in any welfare determination. A and B have only two available blood relatives, namely CG and each other. In law CG is their only parent, she being their mother by virtue of Section 27(1) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990.

He submitted that this unique biological and legal connection was a dominating factor in the welfare balancing exercise. It was not open to the judge to grant CW’s application since there were no compelling factors requiring the displacement of the children’s right to be brought up by their mother. The judge had ignored this primary consideration.

The guardian’s position in this appeal was not straightforward. He had not himself filed a notice of appeal and would not have done so had CG accepted the judge’s decision. He supported the submission that the judge had given insufficient weight to the biological connection as well as the submission that the judge had not properly conducted the survey of the welfare checklist required by Section 1(3) of the Children Act 1989. However he specifically disassociated himself from any suggestion that the judge had insufficiently explained her reasons for departing from his recommendation. In argument my lord, Laws LJ suggested that there appeared to be some tension, if not inconsistency in the guardian’s position. That perhaps prompted Mr Jackson to submit in reply that if the guardian wished to support his criticism of the judge’s survey of the welfare checklist he could not abstain from criticism of the judge’s reasons for rejecting his recommendations. However that may be the reality is that Miss Cook appeared for the guardian and supported Mr Jackson’s submissions only on grounds 1 and 2. On each ground she simply adopted his arguments without further elaboration.

Mr Cobb in his response accepted that the biological link between a child and an adult was important but that the principle asserted by Mr Jackson had no relevance in a dispute between a same sex couple who were in reality, if not in law, both parents to the children and were so regarded by the children.

In support of his second ground Mr Jackson submitted that there were glaring omissions from the checklist survey. The judge had not specifically considered: -

In his allied criticism of the judge’s reasons for rejecting the guardian’s recommendation he submitted that the judge had had no regard to the effect of a stark change of all their circumstances. The judge had overemphasised the mother’s misconduct and ignored all the positive achievements that went to mother’s credit as a parent. The judge had ignored the guardian’s reports of a happy family in Cornwall, thriving in a secure environment, the children progressing steadily at school. The decisive crux as identified by the judge was simply the wrong crux.

In his response Mr Cobb emphasised that the judge had not started with a clean sheet. She had built on the foundations laid by the judgment of Judge Hughes in the Telford court and then my earlier judgment, which so strongly emphasised the court’s responsibility to safeguard the relationship between the girls and CW. The judge had rightly identified the decisive crux. This was not a case in which the mother had been found guilty of a single instance of an impulsive decision causing harm to the children. This was a case in which a pattern of headstrong selfish and harmful decisions had been clearly proved. He instanced: -

There are many reasons why I reject Mr Jackson’s endeavour to elevate a principle of general application and to assert that the judge misdirected herself in ignoring it.

It might be enough to say that no reliance was placed on this consideration at the trial either by counsel for the mother or counsel for the guardian. However in view of the fact that our decision may affect the lives of the girls for years to come and in view of the fact that we have had the advantage of very full argument, profounder response is required.

First it is to be noted that in all the cases upon which Mr Jackson relied the battle was between biological parent or parents and some other contender for care. In J v C the dispute was between parents and foster parents. In Re: KD the dispute was between mother and local authority. In Re: K the issue resulted from the death of the mother and the resulting dispute between father and mother’s half-sister, who had stepped into the breach. In Re: H the dispute was between maternal grandparents and father. Again in Re: W the court considered rival claims of father and grandparents. In Re: D, again a public law case, the court considered a care plan for grandparents against a care plan for mother. Thus the principle has been limited in its application to cases in which the dispute is between a parent and a non-parent. Where the dispute is between two biological parents it is obvious that the principle cannot be applied. I would also strongly doubt the application of such a principle in a heterosexual union where one parent is biological and the other not.

I am unable to accept that any general proposition drawn from the earlier cases can legitimately be extended. There is the obvious point that the speeches in the House of Lords cases were given in an earlier age and in a different context. As Mr Cobb reminded us judicial attitudes to homosexual parenting were very different in that earlier age. He instanced judgments in the cases of Re: P (A Minor)(Custody) [1983] 4 FLR 401 and C v C (A Minor) (Custody: Appeal) [1991] 1 FLR 223.

To further illustrate my doubt take the heterosexual couple whose desire for a family has been frustrated by the wife’s infertility. They opt for IVF treatment with donated eggs. The eggs are fertilised by the husband’s sperm. Should the relationship founder some years after the birth of the child or children, it would seem to me of little moment if the father in any ensuing dispute were to assert some enhanced position resulting from the biological connection.

Again, in the case of the male homosexual couple who enter into a surrogacy agreement in order to parent, I do not consider that a decisive distinction is to be drawn subsequently on the basis that one of the contenders for care supplied the sperm. I also instance the known example of a lesbian couple where in the use of IVF treatment, the eggs of one are implanted in the womb of the other.

These instances simply demonstrate that we have moved into a world where norms that seemed safe twenty or more years ago no longer run.

I pose again a question which I raised in judgment in the case of Re: H [2002] 3 FCR 277, a case cited by Mr Jackson. The question is: who is the natural parent? In the line of authorities relied upon by Mr Jackson all the judges spoke of the biological parent as the natural parent, but in the eyes of the child the natural parent may be a non-biological parent who, by virtue of long settled care, has become the child’s psychological parent. That consideration is obviously pertinent to any resolution of the competing claims of same sex parents. As in the present case the family may be created by mutual agreement and with much careful planning. Both partners seek the experience of child-bearing and child-rearing in one capacity or another. Where, as here, the care of the newborn, and then the developing baby, is broadly shared the children will not distinguish between one woman and the other on the grounds of biological relationship. Depending on circumstances the psychological attachment may be to each more or less equally or more to the biological parent or more to the non-biological parent. As I said in my judgment in Re: H: -

“…in weighing the rival claims of the biological parent over the psychological parent, the court must arrive at its choice on the application of the welfare test, the paramountcy test contained in s 1, having particular regard to the welfare checklist contained in s 1(3)…”

In the context of same-sex relationships we were referred to the recent decision of Black J in the case of B and A and C and D handed down on 12 January 2006. The judge had the advantage of a report from Dr Claire Sturge, whose report written in conjunction with Dr Glaser proved of such value in Re: L [2001] Fam 260 the appeals considering the inter-relationship between contact and domestic violence. In the course of her report in B and A Dr Sturge emphasised the deficiencies of our language to meet the societal and legislative shifts that permit and embrace much more diverse family norms. In paragraph 120 of her report, cited by the judge, she wrote this of the child in the case: -

“Those around her, particularly her peers, will realise D speaking of Ma and Mummy indicates two mothers and this will arouse much curiosity. This will raise questions like can two women create a child? Do they have sex? Is there a father and, if so, how does he fit in? The facts of life themselves will be challenged as D and her peers try to come to terms with the mysterious and puzzling business of sexual relationships and making babies.”

I note that section 246 of the Civil Partnership Act 2004 seeks to solve linguistic difficulties by giving the non-biological same-sex partner the status of step-parent. That may serve a legal purpose but it does not help with many of the problems identified by Dr Sturge nor with the nature of the relationships that will in practice develop between individual children and individual parents in same-sex relationships. I also note that the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 has yet to be reformed in light of the Civil Partnership Act 2004 and that a consultation on possible reform is underway.

In paragraph 89 of her judgment, in deciding whether or not to make a parental responsibility order in favour of the child’s father Black J said : -

“Perhaps most importantly of all, I am considerably influenced by the reality that Mr B is D's father. Whatever new designs human beings have for the structure of their families, that aspect of nature cannot be overcome. It is to be hoped that as society accepts alternative arrangements more readily, as it seems likely will happen over the next few years, the impulse to hide or to marginalise a child's father so as not to call attention to an anomalous family will decline, although accommodating the emotional consequences of untraditional fatherhood and motherhood and of the sort of de facto, non-biological parenthood that is experienced by a step-parent or same sex partner will inevitably remain discomfiting.”

That Black J had careful regard to other factors clearly emerges from what she went on to say in paragraph 93 of her judgment : -

“He will thus be recognised as a parent by the grant of parental responsibility but it will be a parent of a very different sort – no less important, just very different. It would be helpful, in my view, if a form of words could be included in the order as part of the pre-amble reflecting this paramount position of the family comprising the two mothers and the two children.”

I conclude my consideration of this topic by citing two paragraphs from an addition to Mr Jackson’s skeleton argument on the first ground: -

“(1)

When a court applies Section 1 Children Act 1989 the identity of a child’s natural (biological) parents is always a matter of significance, arising from the natural human emotional and physical need

as a child, to know one’s genetic origins

if a parent, to know one’s children.

(2)

In each case the weight to be given to the blood relationship will depend upon the matter in issue, the identity of the parties and the court’s assessment of all other factors in the welfare checklist.”

I would accept and adopt the propositions in the above paragraphs but reject his submission that from those two propositions can be drawn the principle for which he primarily contends in his first ground of appeal.

I can deal with Mr Jackson’s second ground more shortly. The submission that a judge of the seniority and experience of Bracewell J failed to adhere to the welfare checklist would indeed be hard to make good particularly when she twice in the course of judgment stated that she had applied it. Nor can I begin to accept Mr Jackson’s submission that the judge wrongly identified the decisive crux. Its development can be traced through the oral evidence of Mr M. Relatively early in his evidence there is the following exchange: -

“MRS.JUSTICE BRACEWELL: Is not the crux of this case whether the court can be confident if they stay with CG that she will not further marginalise CW and seek to gradually eliminate CW from their lives? A. I think your Ladyship is quite correct there, because it would, in my opinion, be extremely emotionally harmful for these children if CW was marginalised.”

The point was inevitably pursued by Mr Cobb in his questioning of Mr M. In particular it is worth citing the following exchange:-

“Q So emotional harm if they were to be lifted from Cornwall but also emotional harm if they stayed in Cornwall but did not have the relationship that they have had, and should have, with CW and C? A. That’s totally correct. That’s my professional view.

Q Which makes your recommendation that the girls remain living in Cornwall, if I can put it in this way, a highly conditional one. It is conditional upon CG ensuring that the relationship between the girls and CW is restored to the previous level and maintained at that level? A. Yes, that’s correct. Yes.

Q So you agree --- A. It is conditional. It is the whole package. The whole thing has to be there, in my view.

Q Do you accept my phrase “highly conditional”? Your recommendation is conditional, or highly conditional, upon delivery, as it were, of that other aspect of their placement in Cornwall? A. Yes, because I believe it would be equally emotionally harmful for CW to be excluded any further from these children’s lives.

Q “Equally emotionally harmful” --- A. Yes.

Q -- for her to be excluded any further? A. That is my professional view, yes.”

That evidence in my judgment fully justified the following important passage in Bracewell J’s judgment: -

“However, in making that recommendation, the Guardian made clear that there was a crucial condition to that recommendation in that the court needed to be satisfied that CG would not further marginalise Miss W and her family and would obey court orders. He said that that was essentially a judgment for the court and the court had to balance the harm of moving the children now against the risk of future harm if the children were not able to have the relationship with Miss W and her family which they needed for their welfare. It is significant, I find, that when asked to balance the risk of emotional harm, on the one hand, of moving the girls to the principal care of Miss W and, on the other hand, of maintaining the current placement in Cornwall with the risk of the girls being deprived of the relationship they need with Miss W and her family, the Guardian was concerned that the risks were equal. The balance identified by these risks is, in my judgment, the crux of this case.”

The judge went on to state that she had reached a different conclusion from the Guardian, stating ten reasons for so doing. In order to support the judge and to explain my rejection of Mr Jackson’s criticism I need only set out her first stated reason: -

“On the past and recent history I have no confidence that if the children stay in Cornwall that CG would promote the essential close relationship with the W family. The Guardian puts faith in a family assistance order. However, he can only advise and bring the matter back to court. It is only for six months initially and a maximum of twelve months, whereas this case has long-term implications. Miss G could not have had plainer messages over the years and she has stubbornly purported to know what she thinks best. Her recent conversion does not ring true and does not accord with what |I have seen of her. I am satisfied that once the Guardian was off the scene I can foresee a future of litigation and emotional damage to the children. CG is not capable, in my judgment, of viewing matters objectively in relation to CW. She feels so strongly, as demonstrated in her evidence, and she simply cannot help herself. In my judgment, the effect of leaving the children with CG would be to diminish their relationship with the W family.”

For all those reasons I would formally grant permission but dismiss the resulting appeal.

I only add that Mr M’s contribution to the resolution of this difficult case has been exceptional. He has given a great deal of time to the case not only in his locality, which is of course also the locality of CG’s home but also in the locality of CW’s home. To both his written report and to his oral evidence he has brought very high professional standards. I also acknowledge the great assistance that this court has received from the submissions of Mr Jackson and Mr Cobb.

For all the reasons given in the judgment of Thorpe LJ I agree that permission to appeal should be granted in this case and the appeal be dismissed.

For the reasons given by Thorpe LJ, I too agree that this appeal must be dismissed. I do so with a degree of hesitation. I am very concerned at the prospect of removing these children from the primary care of their only identifiable biological parent who has been their primary carer for most of their young lives and in whose care they appear to be happy and thriving. She is both a biological parent and a “psychological” parent. Mindful as I am of the changing social and legal climate, on the facts of this case, I would attach greater significance perhaps than some to the biological link between the appellant and her children.

Having said that, this was on any view a finely balanced decision. I have absolutely no doubt that Bracewell J, one of the most experienced judges in this field, had uppermost in her mind each of the matters upon which Mr Jackson has placed reliance and in particular the check list in section 1 of the Children Act 1989. She said so in terms. She saw and heard the witnesses. She considered all the relevant material and she provided full and careful reasons for her decision. In those circumstances, it would be entirely inappropriate for this court to step in and change the result.

I too am indebted to leading counsel for the clarity and eloquence of their submissions.